Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics International Scientific
C O N F E R E N C E S
"ECONOMY – XXI CENTURY"
Archive of Internet conferences
∘ Ramaz Abesadze ∘ Nana Bibilashvili ∘
Global Economic Safety
Resume The national economic safety is largely depended to the processes on global scale, and mainly on global economic safety. The global economic safety means that its provision is expected from economic as well as external dangers. The issues of economic and non-economic characters are kept in mind in this discussion of economic safety problems. The economic safety is a constant issue that should be provided by the national governments and international organizations. On the modern stage global non-economic dangers are: World War III, the defense of peace, disarming and gun control, problematic issues of developing states, demographic problems, the issue of developing human potential, problems of world oceans, pollution of atmosphere, climate change, problem of up taking space, international terrorism, traffic and trade of drugs, ethno- political conflicts, protection of human rights and freedom, keeping of cultural diversity, uptake of Antarctica and Arctic,
2018-12-27
Global Economic Safety
Resume The national economic safety is largely depended to the processes on global scale, and mainly on global economic safety. The global economic safety means that its provision is expected from economic as well as external dangers. The issues of economic and non-economic characters are kept in mind in this discussion of economic safety problems. The economic safety is a constant issue that should be provided by the national governments and international organizations. On the modern stage global non-economic dangers are: World War III, the defense of peace, disarming and gun control, problematic issues of developing states, demographic problems, the issue of developing human potential, problems of world oceans, pollution of atmosphere, climate change, problem of up taking space, international terrorism, traffic and trade of drugs, ethno- political conflicts, protection of human rights and freedom, keeping of cultural diversity, uptake of Antarctica and Arctic,
2018-12-27
∘ Vladimer Papava ∘ Tamar Tapladze ∘
ON THE SCHUMPETERIAN THEORY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, THE CONCEPT OF COMBINATORIAL AUGMENTATION AND THE OVERCOMING FROM THE TECHNOLOGY TRAPS
Summary The Schumpeterian interpretation of economic development is based on the assumption that new combinations, as a rule, appear side-by-side with old ones. According to the combinatorial augmentation concept, the resources for the old combinations are practically useless for some new combinations as they require the usage of qualitatively new resources. It is noteworthy that theoretically the realization of catching up can be achieved most quickly through Schumpeter’s creative destruction process; however, in this case the biggest opposition comes from the political forces standing behind the old combinations. In the case of combinatorial augmentation, such opposition is weaker as the old and the new combinations can co-exist as they exist in different sectors (or sub-sectors) of the economy of a single country. For the creative destruction of these old combinations, it is important for the government to facilitate the process of combinatorial augmentation as in this
2018-12-27
ON THE SCHUMPETERIAN THEORY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, THE CONCEPT OF COMBINATORIAL AUGMENTATION AND THE OVERCOMING FROM THE TECHNOLOGY TRAPS
Summary The Schumpeterian interpretation of economic development is based on the assumption that new combinations, as a rule, appear side-by-side with old ones. According to the combinatorial augmentation concept, the resources for the old combinations are practically useless for some new combinations as they require the usage of qualitatively new resources. It is noteworthy that theoretically the realization of catching up can be achieved most quickly through Schumpeter’s creative destruction process; however, in this case the biggest opposition comes from the political forces standing behind the old combinations. In the case of combinatorial augmentation, such opposition is weaker as the old and the new combinations can co-exist as they exist in different sectors (or sub-sectors) of the economy of a single country. For the creative destruction of these old combinations, it is important for the government to facilitate the process of combinatorial augmentation as in this
2018-12-27
∘ Rozeta Asatiani ∘
economic security AND 'dutch desease'
Summary Even in the most arduous periods of the development of Georgia the problem of economic security was never so urgent as at present. On this most difficult stage of Georgian history the provision of economical security is not first-priority among its target goalposts. Economical safety is the decisive condition of national safety as the condition of realization of national interests. It plays the greatest role in economical order establishment, in stability and in civil society formationin in the country. Depletion of State control to this problem stipulates many negative tendencies, breaks country’s economical potential, its culture and threatens the statehood. The ecuteness of the problem of economical security in Post-Soviet Georgia is, in the first place, conditioned by inadequate economical policy. In spite that as differing from the wrecking processes in the 90ies of the past century, in the subsequent period some positive steps were made with the view of
2018-12-27
economic security AND 'dutch desease'
Summary Even in the most arduous periods of the development of Georgia the problem of economic security was never so urgent as at present. On this most difficult stage of Georgian history the provision of economical security is not first-priority among its target goalposts. Economical safety is the decisive condition of national safety as the condition of realization of national interests. It plays the greatest role in economical order establishment, in stability and in civil society formationin in the country. Depletion of State control to this problem stipulates many negative tendencies, breaks country’s economical potential, its culture and threatens the statehood. The ecuteness of the problem of economical security in Post-Soviet Georgia is, in the first place, conditioned by inadequate economical policy. In spite that as differing from the wrecking processes in the 90ies of the past century, in the subsequent period some positive steps were made with the view of
2018-12-27
∘ Alfred Kuratashvili ∘
THEORETICAL PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC SECURITY AND CLASSIFICATION OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE SPHERE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
Expanded Summary Solving the problems of economic security in the public-state system is directly related to the need for the creative development of social sciences, because without the creative development of social sciences and the introduction of fundamentally new ideas into practice, economic security in society and in the state cannot be effectively ensured. In connection with the above, it is of fundamental importance to identify and stimulate the activity of true scientists in general, and, in particular, in the field of social sciences, who are the creators of fundamentally new scientific directions and fundamentally new scientific theories that create and can create intellectual — theoretical — foundations for economic security, and therefore for security in society and in the state as a whole. Therefore, it is crucial to find out: Who is who in the social sciences ?! It is based on the need to clarify this issue, and the selection of true
2018-12-27
THEORETICAL PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC SECURITY AND CLASSIFICATION OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE SPHERE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
Expanded Summary Solving the problems of economic security in the public-state system is directly related to the need for the creative development of social sciences, because without the creative development of social sciences and the introduction of fundamentally new ideas into practice, economic security in society and in the state cannot be effectively ensured. In connection with the above, it is of fundamental importance to identify and stimulate the activity of true scientists in general, and, in particular, in the field of social sciences, who are the creators of fundamentally new scientific directions and fundamentally new scientific theories that create and can create intellectual — theoretical — foundations for economic security, and therefore for security in society and in the state as a whole. Therefore, it is crucial to find out: Who is who in the social sciences ?! It is based on the need to clarify this issue, and the selection of true
2018-12-27
∘ Vakhtang Burduli ∘
IMPROVING THE LEVEL OF THE ECONOMYS SELF-SUFFICIENCY IS THE MAIN CONDITION OF STRENGTHENING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE COUNTRY
The article deals with the problems of increasing the self-sufficiency of the Georgian economy through improving its sectoral structure, diversifying and increasing export volumes and increasing the scale of import-substituting production. In this regard, we study the understanding of the structural effect (mainly its structural and sectoral aspects) and the ways of its assessment, among which the main role is played by the assessment of the level of self-sufficiency of the economy. The level of self-sufficiency of the economy in the context of enlarged sectoral groups has been studied and, on this basis, suggested ways to improve the sectoral structure of the Georgian economy in order to increase its self-sufficiency and strengthen the country's economic security. A little less than thirty years have passed since the post-communist transformation of the economy began in Georgia, but so far the macroeconomic parameters of the country's economic development are disappointing. Although
2018-12-27
IMPROVING THE LEVEL OF THE ECONOMYS SELF-SUFFICIENCY IS THE MAIN CONDITION OF STRENGTHENING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE COUNTRY
The article deals with the problems of increasing the self-sufficiency of the Georgian economy through improving its sectoral structure, diversifying and increasing export volumes and increasing the scale of import-substituting production. In this regard, we study the understanding of the structural effect (mainly its structural and sectoral aspects) and the ways of its assessment, among which the main role is played by the assessment of the level of self-sufficiency of the economy. The level of self-sufficiency of the economy in the context of enlarged sectoral groups has been studied and, on this basis, suggested ways to improve the sectoral structure of the Georgian economy in order to increase its self-sufficiency and strengthen the country's economic security. A little less than thirty years have passed since the post-communist transformation of the economy began in Georgia, but so far the macroeconomic parameters of the country's economic development are disappointing. Although
2018-12-27
∘ George Berulava ∘
ON THE LINK BETWEEN REFORMS IN SERVICES SECTOR AND EXPORT PERFORMANCE OF MANUFACTURERS
In this paper, we examine the impact of services sector inputs on the export performance of downstream industries in transition economies. This paper looks at firm specific factors that affect the export performance of manufacturers in transition economies as well. Consistent with the results in existing research, we find that firm specific characteristics such as the introduction of new products, investment in research and development, employment of advanced technologies, and employee skills are key drivers of export performance in the manufacturing sectors of transition economies. Introduction of new products and services, investment in research and development as well as employment of advanced technologies (high-speed, broadband internet connection) increase the competitiveness of the manufacturing firms in global markets and thus improve export performance. Keywords: services inputs, transition economies, export performance, manufacturing industry Exporting is an important
2018-12-27
ON THE LINK BETWEEN REFORMS IN SERVICES SECTOR AND EXPORT PERFORMANCE OF MANUFACTURERS
In this paper, we examine the impact of services sector inputs on the export performance of downstream industries in transition economies. This paper looks at firm specific factors that affect the export performance of manufacturers in transition economies as well. Consistent with the results in existing research, we find that firm specific characteristics such as the introduction of new products, investment in research and development, employment of advanced technologies, and employee skills are key drivers of export performance in the manufacturing sectors of transition economies. Introduction of new products and services, investment in research and development as well as employment of advanced technologies (high-speed, broadband internet connection) increase the competitiveness of the manufacturing firms in global markets and thus improve export performance. Keywords: services inputs, transition economies, export performance, manufacturing industry Exporting is an important
2018-12-27
∘ Murman Kvaratskhelia ∘
THE FORMATION OF EVALUATION INDICATORS OFECONOMIC SAFETY
Summary In the modern world the multi-faceted and stable development of a country is determined by the level of its economic development. Under these conditions the decrease of the level of country’s national and economic safety is of the vital significance. Evaluation indicators and parameters of a national and economic safety are used for this. The indicators of economic safety are able to create the greatest danger to a national economy. These indicators are the decrease of GDP, the instability of a money-credit system, the diversification of external economic relations, the creation of strategic recource stocks, the deficit of a budget, a foreign and domestic debt, the slowing down of scientific-technological progress, the obsolescence of fixed assets, the growth of dependence on the foreign investments
2018-12-27
THE FORMATION OF EVALUATION INDICATORS OFECONOMIC SAFETY
Summary In the modern world the multi-faceted and stable development of a country is determined by the level of its economic development. Under these conditions the decrease of the level of country’s national and economic safety is of the vital significance. Evaluation indicators and parameters of a national and economic safety are used for this. The indicators of economic safety are able to create the greatest danger to a national economy. These indicators are the decrease of GDP, the instability of a money-credit system, the diversification of external economic relations, the creation of strategic recource stocks, the deficit of a budget, a foreign and domestic debt, the slowing down of scientific-technological progress, the obsolescence of fixed assets, the growth of dependence on the foreign investments
2018-12-27
∘ Goderdzi Tkeshelashvili ∘ Nika Abdushelishvili ∘
ECONOMIC DIRECTIONS OF ACTIVATION OF GEORGIAS TRANSPORT FUNCTION
Summary Georgia represents a territorial bridge connecting for West the Europe with the Asia, and accordingly on its territory passes the shortest connecting the Europe to Asia land route and vice versa, and a significant part of the Black Sea Aquarius is coast of Georgia. This is a convenient natural way to develop Georgia's transport. In addition all sectors of Georgian transport require urgent development, on that with other factors decisive are macroeconomic ones that are formed in the following way: Improvement of market infrastructure in the country to ensure full functionality of commodity, securities and labor exchanges; Perfection of tax system. Preferred tax system for transportation and forwarding companies. Tax system becomes differentiated, disproportionate and low tax rates for the priority sector; To improve the money-credit system in order to ensure the stability of the national currency exchange rate exchange with other world freely converted currencies
2018-12-27
ECONOMIC DIRECTIONS OF ACTIVATION OF GEORGIAS TRANSPORT FUNCTION
Summary Georgia represents a territorial bridge connecting for West the Europe with the Asia, and accordingly on its territory passes the shortest connecting the Europe to Asia land route and vice versa, and a significant part of the Black Sea Aquarius is coast of Georgia. This is a convenient natural way to develop Georgia's transport. In addition all sectors of Georgian transport require urgent development, on that with other factors decisive are macroeconomic ones that are formed in the following way: Improvement of market infrastructure in the country to ensure full functionality of commodity, securities and labor exchanges; Perfection of tax system. Preferred tax system for transportation and forwarding companies. Tax system becomes differentiated, disproportionate and low tax rates for the priority sector; To improve the money-credit system in order to ensure the stability of the national currency exchange rate exchange with other world freely converted currencies
2018-12-27
∘ Revaz Javakhishvili ∘
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES
Summary The international market of high technology is an area of international exchange of innovative technologies that are carried out in order to increase the technical and technological level of production and profit. The exchange is based on a transaction whose subjects are state structures, private firms, companies and individuals who sell their scientific-technical achievements or use them in their own production. Exchanging is a special kind of item - "Technology-Goods" as a material / machine-driven /, as well as non-material / research results, information, production knowledge, experience, management, know-how, licenses, patents and other forms. The paper analyzes the main concepts and characteristics of trade with technologies, the most remarkablare the characteristics of the exchange object; More rapid growth of the technology market, compared to trade with other commodities; Peculiar cycle characteristics of the technology-goods market; Multiculturalism of
2018-12-27
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES
Summary The international market of high technology is an area of international exchange of innovative technologies that are carried out in order to increase the technical and technological level of production and profit. The exchange is based on a transaction whose subjects are state structures, private firms, companies and individuals who sell their scientific-technical achievements or use them in their own production. Exchanging is a special kind of item - "Technology-Goods" as a material / machine-driven /, as well as non-material / research results, information, production knowledge, experience, management, know-how, licenses, patents and other forms. The paper analyzes the main concepts and characteristics of trade with technologies, the most remarkablare the characteristics of the exchange object; More rapid growth of the technology market, compared to trade with other commodities; Peculiar cycle characteristics of the technology-goods market; Multiculturalism of
2018-12-27
∘ Valentyna Nykolaieva ∘
SPECIFICATION OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE SOCIAL WORK SYSTEM IN DEVELOPED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Annotation. The article deals with an example of the organization and implementation of effective social policy and social work system. Typical models of social policy and social work and their characteristics are described. The main emphasis is on forms of cooperation between the public and the authorities, research on public opinion, the implementation of public control and the introduction of social contracting. The study of the many years of experience of the EU countries undoubtedly represents a significant interest from academics, civil servants and civil society representatives in introducing separate provisions for the development of the social work system in Ukrainian society. Key words: social policy, social work, social contracting, public control. deinstitutionalization. Introduction The need for social policy a quick and radical reform of the basic social institutions of Ukrainian society in the face of military aggression has placed the greatest challenges
2018-12-27
SPECIFICATION OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE SOCIAL WORK SYSTEM IN DEVELOPED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Annotation. The article deals with an example of the organization and implementation of effective social policy and social work system. Typical models of social policy and social work and their characteristics are described. The main emphasis is on forms of cooperation between the public and the authorities, research on public opinion, the implementation of public control and the introduction of social contracting. The study of the many years of experience of the EU countries undoubtedly represents a significant interest from academics, civil servants and civil society representatives in introducing separate provisions for the development of the social work system in Ukrainian society. Key words: social policy, social work, social contracting, public control. deinstitutionalization. Introduction The need for social policy a quick and radical reform of the basic social institutions of Ukrainian society in the face of military aggression has placed the greatest challenges
2018-12-27
∘ Malkhaz Chikobava ∘
About the reason for the permanent growth of public debt
Resume: The study analyzes the reasons for the growth of public debt in highly developed countries. This phenomenon is aggravated by the fact that over the past ten years in the United States and other developed countries, sovereign debt has increased dramatically, which threaten not only these countries, but also global economic stability and security. The article examines the close connection of the ever-growing problem of public debt with the macroeconomic equilibrium, in particular the impossibility of equality of aggregate supply and demand, the connections of which in developed countries use monetary and fiscal demand stimulation. At the same time, monetary policy faces the problem of a liquidity trap, which is exacerbated by the current global financial and economic crisis, which is a crisis of excess production of reserve currency, especially US dollars. The symbiosis of the crisis of overproduction and excessive emission of the US dollar and other reserve currencies
2018-12-27
About the reason for the permanent growth of public debt
Resume: The study analyzes the reasons for the growth of public debt in highly developed countries. This phenomenon is aggravated by the fact that over the past ten years in the United States and other developed countries, sovereign debt has increased dramatically, which threaten not only these countries, but also global economic stability and security. The article examines the close connection of the ever-growing problem of public debt with the macroeconomic equilibrium, in particular the impossibility of equality of aggregate supply and demand, the connections of which in developed countries use monetary and fiscal demand stimulation. At the same time, monetary policy faces the problem of a liquidity trap, which is exacerbated by the current global financial and economic crisis, which is a crisis of excess production of reserve currency, especially US dollars. The symbiosis of the crisis of overproduction and excessive emission of the US dollar and other reserve currencies
2018-12-27
∘ Solomon Pavliashvili ∘ Zurab Garakanidze ∘ Givi Chubinidze ∘
CONCEPTUALIZATION AND USE OF ECONOMIC RISKS ANALYSES
Summary Before the forthcoming presidential elections, from politicians often heard of the calls for the optimization of the government, the need for a "small government". The modern economic security theory provides the ability successful using the "risk-driven" model of state management in Georgia. It is about analyzing socio-economic risks, which are before the country and management its economy by politically neutral system. Simply put, the essence of the model based on the risks of management is a periodic comparison of "marginal" and "actual" figures based on expert (technocratic) surveys. That analysis of economic security indicators objectively excludes any politically motivation or subjective decision. Such an analysis is based on the existing national security concept of macroeconomic indicators and comparable to the marginal indicators established by expert surveys and not just how much of the universal healthcare or other subsistence programs subsidized by the
2018-12-27
CONCEPTUALIZATION AND USE OF ECONOMIC RISKS ANALYSES
Summary Before the forthcoming presidential elections, from politicians often heard of the calls for the optimization of the government, the need for a "small government". The modern economic security theory provides the ability successful using the "risk-driven" model of state management in Georgia. It is about analyzing socio-economic risks, which are before the country and management its economy by politically neutral system. Simply put, the essence of the model based on the risks of management is a periodic comparison of "marginal" and "actual" figures based on expert (technocratic) surveys. That analysis of economic security indicators objectively excludes any politically motivation or subjective decision. Such an analysis is based on the existing national security concept of macroeconomic indicators and comparable to the marginal indicators established by expert surveys and not just how much of the universal healthcare or other subsistence programs subsidized by the
2018-12-27
∘ Lia Totladze ∘ Mamuka Khuskivadze ∘
THE TERM SPREAD AS LEADING ECONOMIC INDICATOR: CASE OF GEORGIA
Annotation.The role of financial sector in supporting economic growth and development is well acknowledged. The term spread (the difference between the yields on long-term and short-term Treasury securities) has been found useful for predicting economic variables as output growth, inflation, industrial production, consumption. The temp spread is one of leading economic indicator according NBER methodology. Leading economic indicators are widely used in forecasting of economic activity. Many empirical studies find that the term spread predicts future economic activity. There is no universally theory as to why a relationship between the term spread and economic activity should be positive or negative. The article shortly explain how the term spread might predict future economic activity. This paper analyses some aspects of dynamics of the spread between short and long-term interest rates in countries with transition economies. In Georgia, the banking sector plays an
2018-12-27
THE TERM SPREAD AS LEADING ECONOMIC INDICATOR: CASE OF GEORGIA
Annotation.The role of financial sector in supporting economic growth and development is well acknowledged. The term spread (the difference between the yields on long-term and short-term Treasury securities) has been found useful for predicting economic variables as output growth, inflation, industrial production, consumption. The temp spread is one of leading economic indicator according NBER methodology. Leading economic indicators are widely used in forecasting of economic activity. Many empirical studies find that the term spread predicts future economic activity. There is no universally theory as to why a relationship between the term spread and economic activity should be positive or negative. The article shortly explain how the term spread might predict future economic activity. This paper analyses some aspects of dynamics of the spread between short and long-term interest rates in countries with transition economies. In Georgia, the banking sector plays an
2018-12-27
∘ Eter Kakulia ∘ Tea Lazarashvili ∘
TRANSNATIONAL COMPANIES INFLUENCE ON THE TRANSITION ECONOMY
Summary Globalization is main trend of modern world economy development. The transition to the global economy of the national economy is becoming stronger, where the transnational companies play the decisive role. In the epoch of globalization, the factor of TNTs is becoming more and more important in the development of national and world economy. Direct investment promotes employment growth and unemployment reductions, improving product competitiveness and strengthening foreign trade
2018-12-27
TRANSNATIONAL COMPANIES INFLUENCE ON THE TRANSITION ECONOMY
Summary Globalization is main trend of modern world economy development. The transition to the global economy of the national economy is becoming stronger, where the transnational companies play the decisive role. In the epoch of globalization, the factor of TNTs is becoming more and more important in the development of national and world economy. Direct investment promotes employment growth and unemployment reductions, improving product competitiveness and strengthening foreign trade
2018-12-27
∘ HRISTINA VILHELM BLAGOYCHEVA ∘
FINANSIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF THE BULGARIAN PUBLIC PENSION SYSTEM
Annotation. Public pension systems fulfill a long-term commitment - the subsistence of the adult population unable to work . In light of the demographic crisis, the lack of financial sustainability can lead to a future increased pressure on workers (social insurance and tax payers) or beneficiaries (pensioners). Therefore, it is necessary to constantly study and search measures both in order to achieve a balance whereby the rate of the social security contribution will be sufficient to finance the pensions paid and at the same time to maintain the established pension fund at a reasonable level depending on the size of the system. Introduction The aging of Europe's population poses serious challenges to governments with regard to the balancing of public pension systems and providing the necessary means of subsistence of the elderly now and in the future. Therefore in the last few decades, interest in the financial sustainability of pension systems has constituted the main
2018-12-27
FINANSIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF THE BULGARIAN PUBLIC PENSION SYSTEM
Annotation. Public pension systems fulfill a long-term commitment - the subsistence of the adult population unable to work . In light of the demographic crisis, the lack of financial sustainability can lead to a future increased pressure on workers (social insurance and tax payers) or beneficiaries (pensioners). Therefore, it is necessary to constantly study and search measures both in order to achieve a balance whereby the rate of the social security contribution will be sufficient to finance the pensions paid and at the same time to maintain the established pension fund at a reasonable level depending on the size of the system. Introduction The aging of Europe's population poses serious challenges to governments with regard to the balancing of public pension systems and providing the necessary means of subsistence of the elderly now and in the future. Therefore in the last few decades, interest in the financial sustainability of pension systems has constituted the main
2018-12-27
∘ LYUDMILA SHIMANOVSKAYA-DIANICH ∘ BADRI GECHBAIA ∘
APPROACHES TO THE FORMATION OF THE ESSENCE AND COMPONENTS OF ECONOMIC SECURITY: FROM THE LEVEL OF AN ENTERPRISE TO THE LEVEL OF A STATE
Summary The article describes such things as security, economic security, national security both at the state and at the level of the enterprise. A list of the components of economic security with an indication that it may vary depending on the level of analysis and the specific environment in which the enterprise is located. Given the fact that economic security is an integral part of economic security and national security as a whole, the authors proposed a list of components of economic security based on the structure of the economic security of the State and taking into account that the economic security of the state - is its independence in the formation and development own economic system. The authors propose a list of components of economic security: technical and technological, organizational and production, resource (financial, information, energy, etc.), research and innovation, human resources, environmental and
2018-12-27
APPROACHES TO THE FORMATION OF THE ESSENCE AND COMPONENTS OF ECONOMIC SECURITY: FROM THE LEVEL OF AN ENTERPRISE TO THE LEVEL OF A STATE
Summary The article describes such things as security, economic security, national security both at the state and at the level of the enterprise. A list of the components of economic security with an indication that it may vary depending on the level of analysis and the specific environment in which the enterprise is located. Given the fact that economic security is an integral part of economic security and national security as a whole, the authors proposed a list of components of economic security based on the structure of the economic security of the State and taking into account that the economic security of the state - is its independence in the formation and development own economic system. The authors propose a list of components of economic security: technical and technological, organizational and production, resource (financial, information, energy, etc.), research and innovation, human resources, environmental and
2018-12-27
∘ Tengiz Kavtaradze ∘
FOOD SAFETY PROBLEMS IN GEORGIA
Summary Georgia has long lost the food security margin. According to the National Statistics Office of Georgia (Geostat), the production of major agricultural products per capita decreases year by year and import increases, indicating that the country's food safety is violated. Every country tries to seek the ways in advance and prepare for emergencies, ie, maintaining food security at minimum level in crisis situations. This is primarily related to products such as wheat, vegetables, etc. In this regard, the ongoing processes in Georgia are important. According to the Geostat data, compared to 2003, the average area of wheat was reduced twice, and weat production - by four times, in 2003, 225 thousand tons of wheat was received in the last years it reduced to 54 thousand tons, potato production decreased twice, fruit - by 50%, the grapes – by 30%, tea – by 5 times, vegetable - by 2,5 times, but instead of potato imports increased by the same volume, the
2018-12-27
FOOD SAFETY PROBLEMS IN GEORGIA
Summary Georgia has long lost the food security margin. According to the National Statistics Office of Georgia (Geostat), the production of major agricultural products per capita decreases year by year and import increases, indicating that the country's food safety is violated. Every country tries to seek the ways in advance and prepare for emergencies, ie, maintaining food security at minimum level in crisis situations. This is primarily related to products such as wheat, vegetables, etc. In this regard, the ongoing processes in Georgia are important. According to the Geostat data, compared to 2003, the average area of wheat was reduced twice, and weat production - by four times, in 2003, 225 thousand tons of wheat was received in the last years it reduced to 54 thousand tons, potato production decreased twice, fruit - by 50%, the grapes – by 30%, tea – by 5 times, vegetable - by 2,5 times, but instead of potato imports increased by the same volume, the
2018-12-27
∘ Lina Datunashvili ∘
BIOTECHNOLOGIES ARE ONE OF THE ECONOMIC FACTORS OF ECONOMIC SECURITY
Summary The paper covers the role of agriculture as one of the main areas of national farming in economic security in providing food security for the country's population. A closer relationship between economic security and food security is shown, as far as food safety insurance guaranteed economic security with the development of other sectors. In national food security insurance there are also studied factors hampering the development of plant and animal growing _ the main areas of agriculture, such as the loses, caused by hazardous crops, viruses and weeds, in plant growing and livestock disease (Turkish, leukosis, brucellosis, pig bronchitis, chicken pills, etc.). The reason for this are microorganisms 300, viruses, mushrooms and 1600 others, discovered by scientists which significantly reduce the quantity and quality of the products produced in agriculture. Important scientific innovations and successes achieved in the second half of the XX century have contributed to the
2018-12-27
BIOTECHNOLOGIES ARE ONE OF THE ECONOMIC FACTORS OF ECONOMIC SECURITY
Summary The paper covers the role of agriculture as one of the main areas of national farming in economic security in providing food security for the country's population. A closer relationship between economic security and food security is shown, as far as food safety insurance guaranteed economic security with the development of other sectors. In national food security insurance there are also studied factors hampering the development of plant and animal growing _ the main areas of agriculture, such as the loses, caused by hazardous crops, viruses and weeds, in plant growing and livestock disease (Turkish, leukosis, brucellosis, pig bronchitis, chicken pills, etc.). The reason for this are microorganisms 300, viruses, mushrooms and 1600 others, discovered by scientists which significantly reduce the quantity and quality of the products produced in agriculture. Important scientific innovations and successes achieved in the second half of the XX century have contributed to the
2018-12-27
∘ Nata Davlasheridze ∘
INFLUENCE OF AN INNOVATIVE FACTOR ON ECONOMIC SAFETY OF THE COUNTRY
Summary In the article the role of innovations in the system of ensuring economic security of the country is considered. The attention is paid that in modern conditions of globalization the level of economic security of the state substantially is defined by effective functioning of the real sector of national economy and directly depends on extent of development and introduction of innovations to all spheres of economic life that, in turn, defines the prospects of development (or on the contrary — degradations) societies and economies in general. It is emphasized that in mechanisms of state management of the innovative sphere and creation of favorable climate for development of science and high technologies it is conditionally possible to underline main components of activity of the state: creation of financial mechanisms of the state support of innovative activity, formation of innovative infrastructure and also indirect methods of regulation. Particularly,
2018-12-27
INFLUENCE OF AN INNOVATIVE FACTOR ON ECONOMIC SAFETY OF THE COUNTRY
Summary In the article the role of innovations in the system of ensuring economic security of the country is considered. The attention is paid that in modern conditions of globalization the level of economic security of the state substantially is defined by effective functioning of the real sector of national economy and directly depends on extent of development and introduction of innovations to all spheres of economic life that, in turn, defines the prospects of development (or on the contrary — degradations) societies and economies in general. It is emphasized that in mechanisms of state management of the innovative sphere and creation of favorable climate for development of science and high technologies it is conditionally possible to underline main components of activity of the state: creation of financial mechanisms of the state support of innovative activity, formation of innovative infrastructure and also indirect methods of regulation. Particularly,
2018-12-27
∘ George Bregvadze ∘
WHEAT PRODUCTION – THE MAIN GUARANTOR OF FOOD SECURITY
Summary The paper deals with problems of wheat production in Georgia, Global problems are analyzed, which is done in grain production. The grain and the main wheat production is the main guarantor of food
2018-12-27
WHEAT PRODUCTION – THE MAIN GUARANTOR OF FOOD SECURITY
Summary The paper deals with problems of wheat production in Georgia, Global problems are analyzed, which is done in grain production. The grain and the main wheat production is the main guarantor of food
2018-12-27
∘ IVAN LUCHIAN ∘ ANGELA FILIP ∘
FINANCIAL TRAPS OF BANKING PRODUCTS
Summary Banking product is the result of the shape of goods offered for sale to customers in the banking market. In the narrow sense, it is the material made banking service and, more broadly, it is the result of banking, bank service provision, a complex of customer service activities, bearing additional character. The banking industry has created a wide variety of complex products designed to meet the interests and needs of banking customers. However, under certain conditions, banking products may become financial traps, if clients are exposed to the abuse of the bank, without infringing the law. Problems are caused by financial, economic, legal and psychological aspects of the use of these financial instruments. This article investigates main troubles, which is
2018-12-27
FINANCIAL TRAPS OF BANKING PRODUCTS
Summary Banking product is the result of the shape of goods offered for sale to customers in the banking market. In the narrow sense, it is the material made banking service and, more broadly, it is the result of banking, bank service provision, a complex of customer service activities, bearing additional character. The banking industry has created a wide variety of complex products designed to meet the interests and needs of banking customers. However, under certain conditions, banking products may become financial traps, if clients are exposed to the abuse of the bank, without infringing the law. Problems are caused by financial, economic, legal and psychological aspects of the use of these financial instruments. This article investigates main troubles, which is
2018-12-27
∘ Qristine (Ketevan) Kuratashvili ∘
SOCIAL JUSTICE - NECESSARY CONDITION FOR ECONOMIC SECURITY IN THE STATE
Expanded Summary The study of theoretical problems of economic security in the state is of fundamental importance, since without solving the problems of ensuring the economic security of the state, effective functioning of society and the state in the interests of the people is impossible. At the same time, the achievement and affirmation of social justice in the economy is a prerequisite for ensuring economic security, since the achievement and affirmation of social justice in the economy, as well as in society and in the state as a whole, is a necessary condition for the effective functioning of the economy and the realization of interests of people as far as without the protection of each person before law it’s not possible to ensure economic security and effective functioning of both the economy and society and the state. It should be particularly noted that the solution of the problem of social justice in the economy is of fundamental importance also in
2018-12-27
SOCIAL JUSTICE - NECESSARY CONDITION FOR ECONOMIC SECURITY IN THE STATE
Expanded Summary The study of theoretical problems of economic security in the state is of fundamental importance, since without solving the problems of ensuring the economic security of the state, effective functioning of society and the state in the interests of the people is impossible. At the same time, the achievement and affirmation of social justice in the economy is a prerequisite for ensuring economic security, since the achievement and affirmation of social justice in the economy, as well as in society and in the state as a whole, is a necessary condition for the effective functioning of the economy and the realization of interests of people as far as without the protection of each person before law it’s not possible to ensure economic security and effective functioning of both the economy and society and the state. It should be particularly noted that the solution of the problem of social justice in the economy is of fundamental importance also in
2018-12-27
∘ Medea Melashvili ∘ Nunu Kistauri ∘ Ketevan Kveladze ∘
Economic security in tourism development
Resume In modern conditions, in terms of economic security of the national economy becomes more important to the tourism industry, as it aims to meet the demands of human beings and raise the level of life of the population. Tourism security is an important task for all participants involved in tourism activities. Tourism is a complex of inter determinant factors and events that can be generated during the interaction of three major tour agents: territory the area of tourism managers (territory owners and tour operators) and the tourists themselves. The tourism safety study in economic aspect is an important task in the development of tourism as far as, tourism can promote both positive and negative impact on people, economics, and environment. The economic security of tourism is a complex notion consisting of numerous interconnected and interconditioned factors. Methods available in the field of tourism can measure the security and determine any regularity only on a
2018-12-27
Economic security in tourism development
Resume In modern conditions, in terms of economic security of the national economy becomes more important to the tourism industry, as it aims to meet the demands of human beings and raise the level of life of the population. Tourism security is an important task for all participants involved in tourism activities. Tourism is a complex of inter determinant factors and events that can be generated during the interaction of three major tour agents: territory the area of tourism managers (territory owners and tour operators) and the tourists themselves. The tourism safety study in economic aspect is an important task in the development of tourism as far as, tourism can promote both positive and negative impact on people, economics, and environment. The economic security of tourism is a complex notion consisting of numerous interconnected and interconditioned factors. Methods available in the field of tourism can measure the security and determine any regularity only on a
2018-12-27
∘ Nunu Kistauri ∘
Economic security and the factors acting on it
Resume The work is dedicated to the current problem of today's as economic security, which is the most important segment of the state security system. It is a very wide and multi-purpose issue and includes a combination of defense, ecological, information and other factors. The paper deals with the system of its assessment indicators, which include economic indicators such as: the living standards, the level of inflation and the rate of unemployment, the economic growth, the budget deficit, the state debt , "Shadow Economy" level, income per capita, and so forth. And through which it is possible to assess the country's most important economic indicators, its competitiveness and the purpose of which is to determine the forthcoming economic threat. The paper discusses a global phenomenon, such as the "shadow economy", which covered almost all areas of the economy of the world. The reasons of strengthening this phenomenon are indicated and is noted that the fight against it is the
2018-12-27
Economic security and the factors acting on it
Resume The work is dedicated to the current problem of today's as economic security, which is the most important segment of the state security system. It is a very wide and multi-purpose issue and includes a combination of defense, ecological, information and other factors. The paper deals with the system of its assessment indicators, which include economic indicators such as: the living standards, the level of inflation and the rate of unemployment, the economic growth, the budget deficit, the state debt , "Shadow Economy" level, income per capita, and so forth. And through which it is possible to assess the country's most important economic indicators, its competitiveness and the purpose of which is to determine the forthcoming economic threat. The paper discusses a global phenomenon, such as the "shadow economy", which covered almost all areas of the economy of the world. The reasons of strengthening this phenomenon are indicated and is noted that the fight against it is the
2018-12-27
∘ Marine Tsutskiridze ∘
GLOBAL ASPECTS OF BUSINESS SECURITY AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Summary The paper deals with the aspects of technical, production and market security of business and the usage of high technologies for the protection of information safety. Considering the demands of globalizatio it mainly focuses on technical and information security issues, the global aspects of using defense and dual-use technologies in business activities for this purpose; as well as the modern trends of production of innovative techniques and technologies and market integration. This confirms the expediency of participation of business enterprises in the European scientific and technological researches and their European integration, which is necessary to increase the efficiency of its market results. To some extent, the paper considers the issues of assessment of business innovation and technological development levels. It is a precondition for the use of defensive and dual-use technologies for business purposes. In this regard much emphasis is put on
2018-12-27
GLOBAL ASPECTS OF BUSINESS SECURITY AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Summary The paper deals with the aspects of technical, production and market security of business and the usage of high technologies for the protection of information safety. Considering the demands of globalizatio it mainly focuses on technical and information security issues, the global aspects of using defense and dual-use technologies in business activities for this purpose; as well as the modern trends of production of innovative techniques and technologies and market integration. This confirms the expediency of participation of business enterprises in the European scientific and technological researches and their European integration, which is necessary to increase the efficiency of its market results. To some extent, the paper considers the issues of assessment of business innovation and technological development levels. It is a precondition for the use of defensive and dual-use technologies for business purposes. In this regard much emphasis is put on
2018-12-27
∘ Medea Melashvili ∘ Nunu Kistauri ∘ Ketevan Kveladze ∘
Economic security information factor
Resume The work is dedicated to such an important sectors of economy, such as economic security and, in particular, information security. Today the information has become profitable goods and the most important means in all areas of business relations. The formation of the economic security system belongs to the national priorities of the state. Here is discussed Several steps and main trends of "information revolution" The paper deals with the basic requirements that will be used to inform the information and which lead to disregard for violation of basic principles of information security. Here it is noted that the information itself is less protected resource and therefore it is of utmost importance to safeguard the full protection of its protection measures and information security. Information resources are very important for both the owner and the user to strictly safeguard the confidentiality of information. Confidential information services - a fairly large segment of the
2018-12-27
Economic security information factor
Resume The work is dedicated to such an important sectors of economy, such as economic security and, in particular, information security. Today the information has become profitable goods and the most important means in all areas of business relations. The formation of the economic security system belongs to the national priorities of the state. Here is discussed Several steps and main trends of "information revolution" The paper deals with the basic requirements that will be used to inform the information and which lead to disregard for violation of basic principles of information security. Here it is noted that the information itself is less protected resource and therefore it is of utmost importance to safeguard the full protection of its protection measures and information security. Information resources are very important for both the owner and the user to strictly safeguard the confidentiality of information. Confidential information services - a fairly large segment of the
2018-12-27
∘ Tsitsino Tetrauli ∘
THEMAIN PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC SECURITY
Summary In the modern world economy, the level of development of the national economy is unimaginable without integration into the global economic space, which puts all countries on new challenges. The work deals with the peculiarities and difficulties of transition to the market economy in the post-soviet countries. Although nearly 30 years have passed, this transformation model is not yet developed. The paper describes methods of transition to the market economy. Experiences of other countries are presented on this path, such as the achievements of Croatia - a small country like ours, which in the 90s was very damaged, but despite this it was able to step up and become a member of the EU; It is called innovative economy of the modern economy is called because it is impossible to reach sustainable economic development without innovations. As great the challenges are, more are threats, so economic security is directly related to the stable development of the country and the
2018-12-27
THEMAIN PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC SECURITY
Summary In the modern world economy, the level of development of the national economy is unimaginable without integration into the global economic space, which puts all countries on new challenges. The work deals with the peculiarities and difficulties of transition to the market economy in the post-soviet countries. Although nearly 30 years have passed, this transformation model is not yet developed. The paper describes methods of transition to the market economy. Experiences of other countries are presented on this path, such as the achievements of Croatia - a small country like ours, which in the 90s was very damaged, but despite this it was able to step up and become a member of the EU; It is called innovative economy of the modern economy is called because it is impossible to reach sustainable economic development without innovations. As great the challenges are, more are threats, so economic security is directly related to the stable development of the country and the
2018-12-27
∘ Lia Dvalishvili ∘
GENERAL PROBLEMS OF BIOLOGICAL AND FOOD SECURITY
Summary The economic security problem was always in the center of society’s Attention But in XXI c. it acquired a special topicality that is conditioned by the whole complex of economic events and processes going in the world. Economic security strategy is connected with the aims of state significance and is based on social-economic model of country’s development. Ensuring of the country’s economic security is widely influenced by nature use problems. Besides ecological food security has a great impact as well. Ecological and food security is connected not only with the protection of vital interests of society from inner and outer negative impacts, externalities being dangerous for a stable functioning of country’s economic system, but are negative for demographic processes. These problems of global significance are the component of world economic security and its priority directions. Their acuteness strengthened due to the current scales of
2018-12-27
GENERAL PROBLEMS OF BIOLOGICAL AND FOOD SECURITY
Summary The economic security problem was always in the center of society’s Attention But in XXI c. it acquired a special topicality that is conditioned by the whole complex of economic events and processes going in the world. Economic security strategy is connected with the aims of state significance and is based on social-economic model of country’s development. Ensuring of the country’s economic security is widely influenced by nature use problems. Besides ecological food security has a great impact as well. Ecological and food security is connected not only with the protection of vital interests of society from inner and outer negative impacts, externalities being dangerous for a stable functioning of country’s economic system, but are negative for demographic processes. These problems of global significance are the component of world economic security and its priority directions. Their acuteness strengthened due to the current scales of
2018-12-27
∘ Zurab Nozadze ∘
THE MAIN MECHANISM OF ECOLOGICAL AUDIT AND ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMY SECURITY
Summary The real value of the enterprise is primarily determined not only by the investment attractiveness and the economic indicators of its development, but also the ecology of its production, which meets the highest quality of norms and standards. The purpose of the environmental audit is: 1. Assistance to the subjects of industrial and domestic use for the formation and implementation of an effective environmental policy; 2. Distribution of priorities of measures taken, including preventive measures, - ensuring environmental standards in accordance with the legislation; 3. Develop and implement an effective environmental management mechanism at the enterprise level for sustainable development. From the ecological audit tasks, we can outline the following: receiving reliable information systematicized on subjects with economic activity. Matching objective assessment of audit object with norms of legislation or specially accepted standards of
2018-12-27
THE MAIN MECHANISM OF ECOLOGICAL AUDIT AND ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMY SECURITY
Summary The real value of the enterprise is primarily determined not only by the investment attractiveness and the economic indicators of its development, but also the ecology of its production, which meets the highest quality of norms and standards. The purpose of the environmental audit is: 1. Assistance to the subjects of industrial and domestic use for the formation and implementation of an effective environmental policy; 2. Distribution of priorities of measures taken, including preventive measures, - ensuring environmental standards in accordance with the legislation; 3. Develop and implement an effective environmental management mechanism at the enterprise level for sustainable development. From the ecological audit tasks, we can outline the following: receiving reliable information systematicized on subjects with economic activity. Matching objective assessment of audit object with norms of legislation or specially accepted standards of
2018-12-27
∘ George Berulava ∘ Teimuraz Gogokhia ∘
ON THE COMPLEMENTARITIES OF INNOVATION STRATEGIES
Annotation. This paper explores complementarities among innovation strategies in transition economies. Specifically, on the basis of data from the fifth round of Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS V), we have investigated the existence of possible complementarities between various types of innovation modes (product, process and non-technological (marketing and/or organizational) innovations) in their impact on the firm’s productivity. The study reveals complementarity between the following two combinations of innovations: product/process and process/non-technological innovations. Further, the results of the study show that only those combinations of innovation modes that assume all the types of innovations and/or the combination of process and non-technological innovations have positive and statistically significant impact on the firm’s productivity. In the paper, we account for the simultaneous occurrence of different types of innovation
2018-12-27
ON THE COMPLEMENTARITIES OF INNOVATION STRATEGIES
Annotation. This paper explores complementarities among innovation strategies in transition economies. Specifically, on the basis of data from the fifth round of Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS V), we have investigated the existence of possible complementarities between various types of innovation modes (product, process and non-technological (marketing and/or organizational) innovations) in their impact on the firm’s productivity. The study reveals complementarity between the following two combinations of innovations: product/process and process/non-technological innovations. Further, the results of the study show that only those combinations of innovation modes that assume all the types of innovations and/or the combination of process and non-technological innovations have positive and statistically significant impact on the firm’s productivity. In the paper, we account for the simultaneous occurrence of different types of innovation
2018-12-27
∘ Dali Magrakvelidze ∘
BANK TRANSACTIONS SECURITY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON ECONOMIC SECURITY OF COUNTRY
With the regulations changing rapidly across the globe the financial sector has undergone massive changes in terms of People, Process and Technology to secure their operations and retain the customer base. Security management has today turned out to be of primary considerations by financial institutions and risk management controls are now being aligned with proper organizational strategies and policies to ensure higher levels of security controls. The security issue is as important for banks secure their information for banks, because they are the main money suppliers in the economy. The country’s economic strength and security is based on the well formed banking system. So, providing the coherent information security policy is very important. State economic security is a complex and multifactorial system which presents a material basis for the formation of other components of national security. The economic security assurance is one of the primary problems of the state, as
2018-12-27
BANK TRANSACTIONS SECURITY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON ECONOMIC SECURITY OF COUNTRY
With the regulations changing rapidly across the globe the financial sector has undergone massive changes in terms of People, Process and Technology to secure their operations and retain the customer base. Security management has today turned out to be of primary considerations by financial institutions and risk management controls are now being aligned with proper organizational strategies and policies to ensure higher levels of security controls. The security issue is as important for banks secure their information for banks, because they are the main money suppliers in the economy. The country’s economic strength and security is based on the well formed banking system. So, providing the coherent information security policy is very important. State economic security is a complex and multifactorial system which presents a material basis for the formation of other components of national security. The economic security assurance is one of the primary problems of the state, as
2018-12-27
∘ Elguja Konjaria ∘
ESSENCE AND IMPORTANCE OF SMALL BUSINESS
Summary Small business of production is famous as unique and the most popular in economic and social science. To work out and realization of arrangement in small business is important of regional and national economic . The developing of small business answers the tendency of flexible economics’ formation, different forms’ fee and their models’ coordination which helps to realize marketing and big middle and small business realization. Small business was popular in all old culture especially in among Arabian, Egyptian Greek Finland and Roman, In the sphere of market economics
2018-12-27
ESSENCE AND IMPORTANCE OF SMALL BUSINESS
Summary Small business of production is famous as unique and the most popular in economic and social science. To work out and realization of arrangement in small business is important of regional and national economic . The developing of small business answers the tendency of flexible economics’ formation, different forms’ fee and their models’ coordination which helps to realize marketing and big middle and small business realization. Small business was popular in all old culture especially in among Arabian, Egyptian Greek Finland and Roman, In the sphere of market economics
2018-12-27
∘ Tamar Vanishvili ∘
THE ADVANTAGE OF EFFICIENT APPROACH OF A MANAGER-LEADER IN INCREASING THE LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY
Summary History, scientific researches, practical life experience clearly demonstrates that people can only achieve their goals and maximize their skills when it is properly motivated. When it has a real incentive, of course, it is wrong to argue that workers' labor behavior, discipline and labor outcomes are determined only by their motivation, but it does not even reduce the special importance of motivating of people’s. It is difficult for someone to wake up to fully share the energy in his activity. Those methods, which were recognized in the first half of the last century, are reflecting the socio-economic state of that period, gradually will lost its power. "Only" by motivation if you do not have any idea on the priority of the worker’s needs, on his interests, how does it get pleasure (dye salary or desirable work), it is impossible. The organization is a social system, and every worker is the person. In the former Soviet Union, psychologists did not express
2018-12-27
THE ADVANTAGE OF EFFICIENT APPROACH OF A MANAGER-LEADER IN INCREASING THE LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY
Summary History, scientific researches, practical life experience clearly demonstrates that people can only achieve their goals and maximize their skills when it is properly motivated. When it has a real incentive, of course, it is wrong to argue that workers' labor behavior, discipline and labor outcomes are determined only by their motivation, but it does not even reduce the special importance of motivating of people’s. It is difficult for someone to wake up to fully share the energy in his activity. Those methods, which were recognized in the first half of the last century, are reflecting the socio-economic state of that period, gradually will lost its power. "Only" by motivation if you do not have any idea on the priority of the worker’s needs, on his interests, how does it get pleasure (dye salary or desirable work), it is impossible. The organization is a social system, and every worker is the person. In the former Soviet Union, psychologists did not express
2018-12-27
∘ Fati Shengelia ∘
THE ROLE OF LEADER IN THE COMPANY
Summary There are five important qualities or characteristics of effective leaders. The first quality of an effective leader is intuition, intelligence, and cognitive ability to process information and analyze a business problem such as the need to identify the specific contingencies in a particular leadership situation. Employees are always ,,judging’’ their leaders. They respond favorably to leaders who demonstrate the ability to create viable business models and put them into action. Effective leaders also display energy, drive and a need for achievement to employees. These leaders show, through their own actions, their commitment to work hard and perform at a high level. They put in long hours and always seem to be in the right spot when problems arise, ready to put their cognitive, problem-solving abilities into action. Third, effective leaders tend to be self-confident and have an internal locus of control. . They encourage employees to believe in themselves
2018-12-27
THE ROLE OF LEADER IN THE COMPANY
Summary There are five important qualities or characteristics of effective leaders. The first quality of an effective leader is intuition, intelligence, and cognitive ability to process information and analyze a business problem such as the need to identify the specific contingencies in a particular leadership situation. Employees are always ,,judging’’ their leaders. They respond favorably to leaders who demonstrate the ability to create viable business models and put them into action. Effective leaders also display energy, drive and a need for achievement to employees. These leaders show, through their own actions, their commitment to work hard and perform at a high level. They put in long hours and always seem to be in the right spot when problems arise, ready to put their cognitive, problem-solving abilities into action. Third, effective leaders tend to be self-confident and have an internal locus of control. . They encourage employees to believe in themselves
2018-12-27
∘ Giorgi Asatiani ∘
SCIENTISTS AND PRACTITIONERS SHOULD CREATE TAX LEGISLATION
Summary In the article - "Scientists and practitioners of tax legislation have to be created" - reviewed the studies in the tax theory, their plus-minus and recognition-notifications. It is exemplified in the context of Georgian scientists - V.Papava, I.Ananiashvili, D. Kbiladze, V.Ramishvili, L. Dgebuadze and others, in the context of the study of foreign research, namely A. Lafer Research, and its own ideas. In the article, the conclusion is that the Georgian tax legislation does not change frequently, it is necessary to work with the team of authoritative, highly professional scientists and practitioners working in this field to establish the Georgian reality. Key words: bills; payment system; Tax burden; Lapar's curve; tax
2018-12-27
SCIENTISTS AND PRACTITIONERS SHOULD CREATE TAX LEGISLATION
Summary In the article - "Scientists and practitioners of tax legislation have to be created" - reviewed the studies in the tax theory, their plus-minus and recognition-notifications. It is exemplified in the context of Georgian scientists - V.Papava, I.Ananiashvili, D. Kbiladze, V.Ramishvili, L. Dgebuadze and others, in the context of the study of foreign research, namely A. Lafer Research, and its own ideas. In the article, the conclusion is that the Georgian tax legislation does not change frequently, it is necessary to work with the team of authoritative, highly professional scientists and practitioners working in this field to establish the Georgian reality. Key words: bills; payment system; Tax burden; Lapar's curve; tax
2018-12-27
∘ Giorgi Dididze ∘
ON INNOVATIVE APPROACHES IN THE ELABORATION OF THE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM OF GEORGIA
Summary Based on the research conducted, Georgia has a high potential to strengthen innovative opportunities for economic development. According to Global Competitiveness Index, in 2016-2017 among 118 countries, Georgia ranks 113th, on indicators of technological readiness and innovation potential, accordingly, ranks 65th and 100th. Among the needs of economic and social development priorities are: increasing economic competitiveness of the country; reduction of disparities between different regions; improvement of regional policy instruments; strengthening local governments and developing institutional capacities for regional policy management. Over the past decade, the documents developed for the regional development of Georgia mostly include an assessment of the innovation level of the economy and the direction of innovation development. Of these, we emphasize strengthening the promotion of innovation and the introduction of new technologies, the development of research,
2018-12-27
ON INNOVATIVE APPROACHES IN THE ELABORATION OF THE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM OF GEORGIA
Summary Based on the research conducted, Georgia has a high potential to strengthen innovative opportunities for economic development. According to Global Competitiveness Index, in 2016-2017 among 118 countries, Georgia ranks 113th, on indicators of technological readiness and innovation potential, accordingly, ranks 65th and 100th. Among the needs of economic and social development priorities are: increasing economic competitiveness of the country; reduction of disparities between different regions; improvement of regional policy instruments; strengthening local governments and developing institutional capacities for regional policy management. Over the past decade, the documents developed for the regional development of Georgia mostly include an assessment of the innovation level of the economy and the direction of innovation development. Of these, we emphasize strengthening the promotion of innovation and the introduction of new technologies, the development of research,
2018-12-27
∘ Giorgi Dididze ∘
INNOVATIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT AND THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF POLICY
Summary Georgia has a high potential in the area of innovation and entrepreneurship. Our task is to fully integrate this potential in the process of economic and technological development of the country. Therefore, the development of entrepreneurship in the sphere of innovations is especially important, since the scientific and technological product has high consumer qualities. It should be noted that compared with large enterprises, small enterprises have a higher ability to adopt innovations. The main objectives of the development of innovative activities of entrepreneurs are: the formation of organizational and economic mechanisms and incentives that ensure the creation of new small and medium-sized enterprises, the establishment and development of innovation centers - market structures of the innovation system. attraction and concentration of financial resources in the priority direction of development of the innovation system Directions for the development of
2018-12-27
INNOVATIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT AND THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF POLICY
Summary Georgia has a high potential in the area of innovation and entrepreneurship. Our task is to fully integrate this potential in the process of economic and technological development of the country. Therefore, the development of entrepreneurship in the sphere of innovations is especially important, since the scientific and technological product has high consumer qualities. It should be noted that compared with large enterprises, small enterprises have a higher ability to adopt innovations. The main objectives of the development of innovative activities of entrepreneurs are: the formation of organizational and economic mechanisms and incentives that ensure the creation of new small and medium-sized enterprises, the establishment and development of innovation centers - market structures of the innovation system. attraction and concentration of financial resources in the priority direction of development of the innovation system Directions for the development of
2018-12-27
∘ Shorena Mindiashvili ∘ Viktoria Revishvili ∘
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES AND STAGES IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROJECTS
Summary The reduced operational costs as a result of the increased energy efficiency, usually, are more than sufficient for the payback on any spent investment for the investors and the beneficiaries, while the investment itself will increase the current and the future competitiveness of the company. The well documented savings achieved as a result of the energy efficiency, will provide the level of security quality that will enable the lenders to provide more competitive debts; the suppliers of the energy efficient equipment are dealing with increasing market, which increases their income and staff, thus becoming the facilitators of the economic market development; the dependence of the country on the imported energy is diminishing. The security of the supply is increasing and the goals of the politics are satisfied; the fewer emissions of carbon dioxide and the reduced pollution will be beneficial for the environment. As a result of reduced pollution (that positively affects
2018-12-27
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES AND STAGES IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROJECTS
Summary The reduced operational costs as a result of the increased energy efficiency, usually, are more than sufficient for the payback on any spent investment for the investors and the beneficiaries, while the investment itself will increase the current and the future competitiveness of the company. The well documented savings achieved as a result of the energy efficiency, will provide the level of security quality that will enable the lenders to provide more competitive debts; the suppliers of the energy efficient equipment are dealing with increasing market, which increases their income and staff, thus becoming the facilitators of the economic market development; the dependence of the country on the imported energy is diminishing. The security of the supply is increasing and the goals of the politics are satisfied; the fewer emissions of carbon dioxide and the reduced pollution will be beneficial for the environment. As a result of reduced pollution (that positively affects
2018-12-27
∘ Natia Surmanidze ∘
“INSTITUTIONAL TRAP” AND ITS OVERCOMING DIFFICULTIES
Summary The article is about an influence of non-effective norms on economy. It makes clear that if there are effective institutions founded in economy, the tendency of developing the economy is faster. The phenomenon of ‘’institutional trap’’ is characteristic issue for post-soviet countries, so it is about homo transformaticus’s choice to be a law-breaker or not. Article represents Russian economic case when in transition process there was risen many series of ‘’institutional traps’’, that led the economy to difficulties. Article represents the definition of ‘’institutional trap’’ and simple examples to help reader understand the idea of it. Author considers that with liberalization of economy, chances of founding such institutions are growing. Hereby, ways to avoid this in the beginning is also given. Precisely, foreseeing of transactional and transformative costs will take care about protection
2018-12-27
“INSTITUTIONAL TRAP” AND ITS OVERCOMING DIFFICULTIES
Summary The article is about an influence of non-effective norms on economy. It makes clear that if there are effective institutions founded in economy, the tendency of developing the economy is faster. The phenomenon of ‘’institutional trap’’ is characteristic issue for post-soviet countries, so it is about homo transformaticus’s choice to be a law-breaker or not. Article represents Russian economic case when in transition process there was risen many series of ‘’institutional traps’’, that led the economy to difficulties. Article represents the definition of ‘’institutional trap’’ and simple examples to help reader understand the idea of it. Author considers that with liberalization of economy, chances of founding such institutions are growing. Hereby, ways to avoid this in the beginning is also given. Precisely, foreseeing of transactional and transformative costs will take care about protection
2018-12-27
∘ Nino Talikadze ∘
IMPACT OF LOCAL PRODUCTION ON FOOD INDEPENDENCE: TRENDS AND MODERN CHALLENGES
Summary Food security is a guarantee that there is an enough volume of food in the country, for healthy life. In order to evaluate food security in Georgia were analyzed self-sufficiency ratios of the Agricultural products witch are strategic importance in 2007-2017 period. It is concluded that these self-sufficiency ratios are generally low in the country. Also, were analyzed it’s components: local production, import, export in dynamics. As a result the role of local production was revealed in providing food independence. Self-sufficiency ratios mainly refers to the trend of local production. In other words, when the local production increases, self-sufficiency ratios also, increas. However, there are exceptions. Focusing on the agricultural production means improving food safety. The low level of agro products in Georgia indicates that there is a great potential for its improvement. Increasing production will contribute to the elimination of the
2018-12-27
IMPACT OF LOCAL PRODUCTION ON FOOD INDEPENDENCE: TRENDS AND MODERN CHALLENGES
Summary Food security is a guarantee that there is an enough volume of food in the country, for healthy life. In order to evaluate food security in Georgia were analyzed self-sufficiency ratios of the Agricultural products witch are strategic importance in 2007-2017 period. It is concluded that these self-sufficiency ratios are generally low in the country. Also, were analyzed it’s components: local production, import, export in dynamics. As a result the role of local production was revealed in providing food independence. Self-sufficiency ratios mainly refers to the trend of local production. In other words, when the local production increases, self-sufficiency ratios also, increas. However, there are exceptions. Focusing on the agricultural production means improving food safety. The low level of agro products in Georgia indicates that there is a great potential for its improvement. Increasing production will contribute to the elimination of the
2018-12-27
∘ Teona Yumbulashvili ∘ Nino Javakhishvili ∘
SOME ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF GEORGIA’S TAX SYSTEM
Summary The origin of taxes has an ancient history, and the tax system was later established. As for the tax system of Georgia, it has changed for years In particular, the number of taxes in Georgia decreased from 21 to 6. From January 1 of 2017, there have been several significant changes in the Tax Code. It is important to make changes to profit tax in the Tax Code. Which implies the introduction of the "Estonian Model", a similar model allows us to have the best investment environment. It should be taken into consideration the fact that the benefits of business exemption from income taxes, what are the shortcomings, and what obstacles are related to this reform. How well the business representatives will be prepared for this reform. As with all the "Estonian model" has positive and negative sides. Such a reform will positively affect the economy of the country, accelerate economic growth, more financial resources available to companies, It is expected to increase the
2018-12-27
SOME ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF GEORGIA’S TAX SYSTEM
Summary The origin of taxes has an ancient history, and the tax system was later established. As for the tax system of Georgia, it has changed for years In particular, the number of taxes in Georgia decreased from 21 to 6. From January 1 of 2017, there have been several significant changes in the Tax Code. It is important to make changes to profit tax in the Tax Code. Which implies the introduction of the "Estonian Model", a similar model allows us to have the best investment environment. It should be taken into consideration the fact that the benefits of business exemption from income taxes, what are the shortcomings, and what obstacles are related to this reform. How well the business representatives will be prepared for this reform. As with all the "Estonian model" has positive and negative sides. Such a reform will positively affect the economy of the country, accelerate economic growth, more financial resources available to companies, It is expected to increase the
2018-12-27
∘ Eter Sheverdashvili ∘ Shota Totikashvili ∘
THE ROLE OF LOGISTICS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GEORGIAN ECONOMY
Summary The paper reviews the role of logistics in the development of the Georgian economy. Georgia has a favorable geographical location, hence it can become the main logistic hub of the Caucasus and Central Asia. Logistic development is an important issue for the revival the national economy of Georgia. Logistics share is 12% of the country's GDP (Gross Domestic Droduct). However, it is noteworthy that logistics infrastructure is weak. This opinion is about the fact that about 50% of agricultural products are experiencing a downturn, Which is due to lack of warehousing infrastructure and technological backwardness. Logistics is an important factor in the development of the trade. In spite of this, notice there are some problems in logistics, In particular: The main problem is the fragmentation of logistics market, this is due to the fact that in most cases the forwarding companies do not have their own transport and logistics infrastructure. In addition to the existence of
2018-12-27
THE ROLE OF LOGISTICS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GEORGIAN ECONOMY
Summary The paper reviews the role of logistics in the development of the Georgian economy. Georgia has a favorable geographical location, hence it can become the main logistic hub of the Caucasus and Central Asia. Logistic development is an important issue for the revival the national economy of Georgia. Logistics share is 12% of the country's GDP (Gross Domestic Droduct). However, it is noteworthy that logistics infrastructure is weak. This opinion is about the fact that about 50% of agricultural products are experiencing a downturn, Which is due to lack of warehousing infrastructure and technological backwardness. Logistics is an important factor in the development of the trade. In spite of this, notice there are some problems in logistics, In particular: The main problem is the fragmentation of logistics market, this is due to the fact that in most cases the forwarding companies do not have their own transport and logistics infrastructure. In addition to the existence of
2018-12-27
∘ Lika Chaghinashvili ∘ Nana Chaghinashvili ∘
SMALL AND MEDIUM BUSINESS ROLE AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES IN GEORGIA
Summary The central theme of the given work describes the development of small and medium business trends. It also contains aspects about small enterprise, which helps the economy of a country to develop.Additionally the text presents the establishment of small and middle business and its development in Georgia. The main reasons for the reduction of value in small and medium entrepreneurship are characterized as an economic-organization as well as institutional factors. In the process of economic development in Georgia, special importance is paid to small and medium entrepreneurship and aims at further improvement of the entrepreneurial environment that contributes to the growth and development of small and medium enterprises. From the institutional point of view, determination of low competitiveness of enterprises determines the taxation, regulation and protection of ownership rights on transaction costs. During the analysis of small and medium enterprises, the main
2018-12-27
SMALL AND MEDIUM BUSINESS ROLE AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES IN GEORGIA
Summary The central theme of the given work describes the development of small and medium business trends. It also contains aspects about small enterprise, which helps the economy of a country to develop.Additionally the text presents the establishment of small and middle business and its development in Georgia. The main reasons for the reduction of value in small and medium entrepreneurship are characterized as an economic-organization as well as institutional factors. In the process of economic development in Georgia, special importance is paid to small and medium entrepreneurship and aims at further improvement of the entrepreneurial environment that contributes to the growth and development of small and medium enterprises. From the institutional point of view, determination of low competitiveness of enterprises determines the taxation, regulation and protection of ownership rights on transaction costs. During the analysis of small and medium enterprises, the main
2018-12-27
∘ IZTELEU BIBATIROVA ∘ KURALAI NURGALIEVA ∘
FACTORS DETERRING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN KAZAKHSTAN
Summary The success of the global concept of sustainable development depends on the vast range of factors. Kazakhstan is endowed with wide variety of natural resources. This endowment led the country to the natural resource specialization in the international division of labor and predetermined specific industrial structure of the national economy. As a result country’s reserves of minerals and natural resources gradually get depleted, and environmental conditions get worsen. Furthermore, the natural resource economy generated a number of additional factors deterring the implementation of the sustainable development concept. These factors are the following: 1) Other industries do not develop, because being capital-intensive the natural recourse sector attracts most part of investment. 2) The economic gap between regions increases. This leads to unfair business and consumption opportunities for households and firms. 3) The export of natural resources
2018-12-27
FACTORS DETERRING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN KAZAKHSTAN
Summary The success of the global concept of sustainable development depends on the vast range of factors. Kazakhstan is endowed with wide variety of natural resources. This endowment led the country to the natural resource specialization in the international division of labor and predetermined specific industrial structure of the national economy. As a result country’s reserves of minerals and natural resources gradually get depleted, and environmental conditions get worsen. Furthermore, the natural resource economy generated a number of additional factors deterring the implementation of the sustainable development concept. These factors are the following: 1) Other industries do not develop, because being capital-intensive the natural recourse sector attracts most part of investment. 2) The economic gap between regions increases. This leads to unfair business and consumption opportunities for households and firms. 3) The export of natural resources
2018-12-27
∘ Zurab Tsereteli ∘
The Role of Business in Providing Economic Security
Annotation In this work are referred the thoughts about important role of business that is the main base for ensuring economic security. They are considered in the light of recent events (which are replaced the first signs in stabilization of domestic economy), the needs for immediate resolution of social problems, institutional changes and creation of preconditions for effective cooperation between the state and business structures. Inappropriate spending of finances remains a major problem for country's economy, so this work is focused on increasing the spending efficiency. The cancellation of ineffective targeting programs. The main mechanisms for eliminating shortcomings in the SME’s are: improving the process of managing innovative activities, active participation of the state in the process of formation of innovative needs, creation of public funds and provision of enterprises that are active users of
2018-12-27
The Role of Business in Providing Economic Security
Annotation In this work are referred the thoughts about important role of business that is the main base for ensuring economic security. They are considered in the light of recent events (which are replaced the first signs in stabilization of domestic economy), the needs for immediate resolution of social problems, institutional changes and creation of preconditions for effective cooperation between the state and business structures. Inappropriate spending of finances remains a major problem for country's economy, so this work is focused on increasing the spending efficiency. The cancellation of ineffective targeting programs. The main mechanisms for eliminating shortcomings in the SME’s are: improving the process of managing innovative activities, active participation of the state in the process of formation of innovative needs, creation of public funds and provision of enterprises that are active users of
2018-12-27