Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics International Scientific
C O N F E R E N C E S
"ECONOMY – XXI CENTURY"
∘ Iuri Ananiashvili ∘ Lia Totladze ∘ Mamuka Khuskivadze ∘
Agglomeration Effects and Characteristics of Tbilisis Urban Transformation: Challenges of Polycentric Development
Summary This article examines the characteristics of urban transformation and agglomeration economics in Tbilisi within the context of post-communist development dynamics. The research relies on the fundamental theoretical frameworks of spatial economics, including the empirical modeling of Zipfs and Gibrats laws, Paul Krugmans "core-periphery" model, Jane Jacobss concept of urban diversity, and Joseph Schumpeters theory of "creative destruction." The paper confirms the existence of an "urban primate" model in Tbilisi, where powerful centripetal forces disrupt the proportional growth pattern of cities (Gibrats Law) and lead to a hyper-concentration of capital and human resources. Furthermore, the article analyzes the potential of the digital economy and remote work to act as centrifugal forces in the modern era. In conclusion, the author substantiates the necessity of implementing a comprehensive, scientifically grounded spatial economic policy. This includes stimulating
2026-10-19
Agglomeration Effects and Characteristics of Tbilisis Urban Transformation: Challenges of Polycentric Development
Summary This article examines the characteristics of urban transformation and agglomeration economics in Tbilisi within the context of post-communist development dynamics. The research relies on the fundamental theoretical frameworks of spatial economics, including the empirical modeling of Zipfs and Gibrats laws, Paul Krugmans "core-periphery" model, Jane Jacobss concept of urban diversity, and Joseph Schumpeters theory of "creative destruction." The paper confirms the existence of an "urban primate" model in Tbilisi, where powerful centripetal forces disrupt the proportional growth pattern of cities (Gibrats Law) and lead to a hyper-concentration of capital and human resources. Furthermore, the article analyzes the potential of the digital economy and remote work to act as centrifugal forces in the modern era. In conclusion, the author substantiates the necessity of implementing a comprehensive, scientifically grounded spatial economic policy. This includes stimulating
2026-10-19
∘ Givi Bedianashvili ∘
From Macrosystem to Individual: Factors Shaping Socio-Economic Security Amidst Rising Uncertainty and Geopolitical Fragmentation
Summary The transformation of the modern global economy has established socio-economic security as a central prerequisite for both national resilience and a dignified human life. Geopolitical tensions, the fragmentation of production and trade networks, financial volatility, accelerating technological change, and mounting pressure on natural resources create interconnected risks that can no longer be managed through the actions of a single sector or institution alone. This paper aims to analyze the macrosystemic determinants of socio-economic security—at both the national and individual levels—and to conceptually synthesize their interrelationships within the context of uncertainty and confrontational globalization. The study employs systemic, institutional, and comparative-analytical approaches. Social and economic processes are viewed as a multi-level system in which global changes impact an individual's situation through the national economy, the labor market, income
2026-10-19
From Macrosystem to Individual: Factors Shaping Socio-Economic Security Amidst Rising Uncertainty and Geopolitical Fragmentation
Summary The transformation of the modern global economy has established socio-economic security as a central prerequisite for both national resilience and a dignified human life. Geopolitical tensions, the fragmentation of production and trade networks, financial volatility, accelerating technological change, and mounting pressure on natural resources create interconnected risks that can no longer be managed through the actions of a single sector or institution alone. This paper aims to analyze the macrosystemic determinants of socio-economic security—at both the national and individual levels—and to conceptually synthesize their interrelationships within the context of uncertainty and confrontational globalization. The study employs systemic, institutional, and comparative-analytical approaches. Social and economic processes are viewed as a multi-level system in which global changes impact an individual's situation through the national economy, the labor market, income
2026-10-19
∘ George Berulava ∘
AI-Enabled Food Traceability and Digital Marketing Interfaces: Consumer Trust, Engagement, and Purchase Behavior
Annotation. In recent years, with the introduction of digital food traceability tools, the ways consumers receive relevant product information have changed dramatically. At the same time, the accessibility to larger amounts of data alone does not guarantee that customers will use or trust this data. In this context, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining particular interest. Specifically, the usage of AI assistants that can answer questions, select relevant facts, and substantially change the modes in which traceability information is presented to consumers, reducing the effort needed to assess food origin, safety, and quality. In this way, AI effectively complements digital food traceability in influencing consumers’ trust, engagement, and purchase behavior. The current paper reviews the recent academic studies on AI-enabled food traceability, blockchain verification, QR-code communication, consumer trust, and AI-based marketing interfaces, to develop an integrated
2026-10-19
AI-Enabled Food Traceability and Digital Marketing Interfaces: Consumer Trust, Engagement, and Purchase Behavior
Annotation. In recent years, with the introduction of digital food traceability tools, the ways consumers receive relevant product information have changed dramatically. At the same time, the accessibility to larger amounts of data alone does not guarantee that customers will use or trust this data. In this context, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining particular interest. Specifically, the usage of AI assistants that can answer questions, select relevant facts, and substantially change the modes in which traceability information is presented to consumers, reducing the effort needed to assess food origin, safety, and quality. In this way, AI effectively complements digital food traceability in influencing consumers’ trust, engagement, and purchase behavior. The current paper reviews the recent academic studies on AI-enabled food traceability, blockchain verification, QR-code communication, consumer trust, and AI-based marketing interfaces, to develop an integrated
2026-10-19
∘ Vakhtang Burduli ∘
Socio-Economic Security and the Development of Georgias Economic Sectors
Summary The article examines the development of Georgias economic sectors within the context of contemporary challenges to socio-economic security. It systematizes current challenges and threats to socio-economic development inherent to a small nation and discusses their impact on structural shifts within the Georgian economy. Against this backdrop, the study proposes a set of measures aimed at the further advancement of specific economic sectors, including energy and electrical technologies, green economy initiatives, cross-sectoral information and communication technologies, composite material technologies, as well as selected branches of heavy and light industries. Keywords: development, economic sectors, challenges and threats, socio-economic
2026-10-19
Socio-Economic Security and the Development of Georgias Economic Sectors
Summary The article examines the development of Georgias economic sectors within the context of contemporary challenges to socio-economic security. It systematizes current challenges and threats to socio-economic development inherent to a small nation and discusses their impact on structural shifts within the Georgian economy. Against this backdrop, the study proposes a set of measures aimed at the further advancement of specific economic sectors, including energy and electrical technologies, green economy initiatives, cross-sectoral information and communication technologies, composite material technologies, as well as selected branches of heavy and light industries. Keywords: development, economic sectors, challenges and threats, socio-economic
2026-10-19
∘ Nataliia Hrushchynska ∘
Global Urbanization Trends: The Ukrainian Context
Urbanization is one of the defining processes of contemporary demographic and socioeconomic development. According to UN data, the global population exceeds 8 billion people in 2025, with the urban population continuing to grow. UN projections indicate that the proportion of the population residing in urban settlements will increase in the coming decades, intensifying the need for states to develop urban infrastructure, housing policy, transport systems, social services, and urban territory management mechanisms. Currently, urban dwellers inhabit an area constituting a mere 3% of the total land surface, whereas the distribution of rural residents depends on agricultural land, which occupies 12% of the Earth's landmass. Despite forecasts that half of the world's population will reside in urban areas this year, significant disparities exist in the urbanization rates achieved by different countries and regions. The impact of urbanization has become most pronounced in the economically
2026-10-19
Global Urbanization Trends: The Ukrainian Context
Urbanization is one of the defining processes of contemporary demographic and socioeconomic development. According to UN data, the global population exceeds 8 billion people in 2025, with the urban population continuing to grow. UN projections indicate that the proportion of the population residing in urban settlements will increase in the coming decades, intensifying the need for states to develop urban infrastructure, housing policy, transport systems, social services, and urban territory management mechanisms. Currently, urban dwellers inhabit an area constituting a mere 3% of the total land surface, whereas the distribution of rural residents depends on agricultural land, which occupies 12% of the Earth's landmass. Despite forecasts that half of the world's population will reside in urban areas this year, significant disparities exist in the urbanization rates achieved by different countries and regions. The impact of urbanization has become most pronounced in the economically
2026-10-19
∘ Nazira Kakulia ∘
Digital Transformation of the Circular Economy: A Modern Approach and Development Prospects
Summary The digital transformation of the circular economy represents one of the rapidly growing dimensions of modern sustainable development. This article examines how artificial intelligence (AI), Big Data and analytics, blockchain, and digital twins are reshaping resource management. It proposes a phased development model tailored for Georgia, integrating digital infrastructure, data standards, support for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and performance measurement. The study analyzes contemporary theoretical and practical approaches to the digital transformation of the circular economy. It evaluates the role of digital technologies in advancing circular economic models and formulates a methodological framework to assess the impact of digital transformation on economic, environmental, and social outcomes. To achieve these objectives, the paper examines the essence, principles, and evolutionary trajectory of the circular economy; assesses the impact of digital
2026-10-19
Digital Transformation of the Circular Economy: A Modern Approach and Development Prospects
Summary The digital transformation of the circular economy represents one of the rapidly growing dimensions of modern sustainable development. This article examines how artificial intelligence (AI), Big Data and analytics, blockchain, and digital twins are reshaping resource management. It proposes a phased development model tailored for Georgia, integrating digital infrastructure, data standards, support for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and performance measurement. The study analyzes contemporary theoretical and practical approaches to the digital transformation of the circular economy. It evaluates the role of digital technologies in advancing circular economic models and formulates a methodological framework to assess the impact of digital transformation on economic, environmental, and social outcomes. To achieve these objectives, the paper examines the essence, principles, and evolutionary trajectory of the circular economy; assesses the impact of digital
2026-10-19
∘ Murman Kvaratskhelia ∘
Social Security Challenges in Georgia: Contemporary Reality, Systemic Issues, and Development Prospects
Summary This scientific article examines the primary challenges, systemic issues, and potential mitigation pathways facing contemporary Georgia’s social security system. The objective of the research is to evaluate the efficacy of current social policies in mitigating socio-economic risks for the population. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the study incorporates both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, including the analysis of official statistical data and a comparative assessment of existing social programs. The research focuses on key dimensions such as poverty levels, inequality, unemployment, the sustainability of the pension system, healthcare accessibility, and demographic aging trends. The findings reveal that despite recent reforms, Georgia's social security framework continues to confront severe challenges driven by constrained budgetary resources, a high share of informal employment, and low targeting efficiency in social assistance
2026-10-19
Social Security Challenges in Georgia: Contemporary Reality, Systemic Issues, and Development Prospects
Summary This scientific article examines the primary challenges, systemic issues, and potential mitigation pathways facing contemporary Georgia’s social security system. The objective of the research is to evaluate the efficacy of current social policies in mitigating socio-economic risks for the population. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the study incorporates both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, including the analysis of official statistical data and a comparative assessment of existing social programs. The research focuses on key dimensions such as poverty levels, inequality, unemployment, the sustainability of the pension system, healthcare accessibility, and demographic aging trends. The findings reveal that despite recent reforms, Georgia's social security framework continues to confront severe challenges driven by constrained budgetary resources, a high share of informal employment, and low targeting efficiency in social assistance
2026-10-19
∘ Tea Lazarashvili ∘ Teimuraz Gogokhia ∘
The Problem of Poverty and Ways to Address It in the Modern World
Summary Humanity has grappled with the problem of poverty since ancient times. Despite this, a solution has remained elusive; paradoxically, poverty persists as an integral part of every society. Combating poverty and inequality is a primary objective of the socio-economic policy of every state. To date, there is no unified policy for resolving this issue, as each case requires an individualized, innovative approach. Social inequality is defined as the unequal access of individual members of society to essential resources – whether material or non-material. Unlike inequality, poverty does not characterize society as a whole; rather, it affects only a specific segment of the population. The scope of poverty – whether it encompasses a large or small portion of the population – d epends on a country's level of economic development. Poverty is defined as a "sharp decline in well-being"– specifically, the economic state of an individual or group wherein they
2026-10-19
The Problem of Poverty and Ways to Address It in the Modern World
Summary Humanity has grappled with the problem of poverty since ancient times. Despite this, a solution has remained elusive; paradoxically, poverty persists as an integral part of every society. Combating poverty and inequality is a primary objective of the socio-economic policy of every state. To date, there is no unified policy for resolving this issue, as each case requires an individualized, innovative approach. Social inequality is defined as the unequal access of individual members of society to essential resources – whether material or non-material. Unlike inequality, poverty does not characterize society as a whole; rather, it affects only a specific segment of the population. The scope of poverty – whether it encompasses a large or small portion of the population – d epends on a country's level of economic development. Poverty is defined as a "sharp decline in well-being"– specifically, the economic state of an individual or group wherein they
2026-10-19
∘ Avtandil Silagadze ∘
Modern Trends of the Global Economy
Summary The paper examines the global economic transformations occurring in the first quarter of the 21st century. The author analyzes the economic policies of the USA, China, and the European Union in the post-pandemic period, focusing on structural shifts and geopolitical challenges. The paper also assesses Georgia’s role in global supply chains and the factors contributing to its economic resilience. Keywords: Global economy, Geopolitics, Supply chains, Strategic autonomy, Georgian
2026-10-19
Modern Trends of the Global Economy
Summary The paper examines the global economic transformations occurring in the first quarter of the 21st century. The author analyzes the economic policies of the USA, China, and the European Union in the post-pandemic period, focusing on structural shifts and geopolitical challenges. The paper also assesses Georgia’s role in global supply chains and the factors contributing to its economic resilience. Keywords: Global economy, Geopolitics, Supply chains, Strategic autonomy, Georgian
2026-10-19
∘ Avtandil Sulaberidze ∘ Joseph Archvadze ∘ Vladimer Sulaberidze ∘
Regularities and Peculiarities of Demographic Processes in Post-Soviet Countries
Summary The article presents the regularities and challenges of demographic processes developing in the post-Soviet countries, the threats and expected consequences that may arise if these trends continue. Conduct a comparative analysis of migration dynamics and state demographic policy. The structural features of the decline in fertility, population aging, decline in natural growth and migration flows are analyzed on the example of different countries. The demographic security of the post-Soviet countries is generally at a medium or low level and is characterized by several interconnected challenges, including declining fertility, population ageing, intensive emigration, and a shrinking labor force. Demographic security refers to a state's ability to maintain the size and structure of its population, ensure an adequate labor supply for economic development, and prevent depopulation and demographic imbalance. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, profound economic,
2026-10-19
Regularities and Peculiarities of Demographic Processes in Post-Soviet Countries
Summary The article presents the regularities and challenges of demographic processes developing in the post-Soviet countries, the threats and expected consequences that may arise if these trends continue. Conduct a comparative analysis of migration dynamics and state demographic policy. The structural features of the decline in fertility, population aging, decline in natural growth and migration flows are analyzed on the example of different countries. The demographic security of the post-Soviet countries is generally at a medium or low level and is characterized by several interconnected challenges, including declining fertility, population ageing, intensive emigration, and a shrinking labor force. Demographic security refers to a state's ability to maintain the size and structure of its population, ensure an adequate labor supply for economic development, and prevent depopulation and demographic imbalance. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, profound economic,
2026-10-19
∘ Revaz Javakhishvili ∘
Main Trends and Challenges of Georgias Foreign Trade Development at the Current Stage of Globalization
Summary Following the restoration of its independence, Georgia implemented a series of measures aimed at re-establishing the foreign trade function and creating the legislative and regulatory framework necessary for its development. As a result, the country has demonstrated a steady upward trend in foreign trade turnover. At the same time, it has been determined that the growth in trade turnover has been driven primarily by imports rather than exports, leading to an increase in the negative trade balance, a deterioration in the import coverage ratio by exports, a reduction in the countrys foreign exchange reserves, and a stronger negative impact on the state budget. Today, one of the greatest challenges facing Georgias foreign trade is its high dependence on imports in general, and particularly on energy resources and other strategically important industrial and agricultural products. Furthermore, Georgia exports mainly raw materials and semi-finished products, which are
2026-10-19
Main Trends and Challenges of Georgias Foreign Trade Development at the Current Stage of Globalization
Summary Following the restoration of its independence, Georgia implemented a series of measures aimed at re-establishing the foreign trade function and creating the legislative and regulatory framework necessary for its development. As a result, the country has demonstrated a steady upward trend in foreign trade turnover. At the same time, it has been determined that the growth in trade turnover has been driven primarily by imports rather than exports, leading to an increase in the negative trade balance, a deterioration in the import coverage ratio by exports, a reduction in the countrys foreign exchange reserves, and a stronger negative impact on the state budget. Today, one of the greatest challenges facing Georgias foreign trade is its high dependence on imports in general, and particularly on energy resources and other strategically important industrial and agricultural products. Furthermore, Georgia exports mainly raw materials and semi-finished products, which are
2026-10-19
∘ Nugzar Todua ∘ Tatia Bregvadze ∘
From Innovation to Purchase Intention: Georgian Consumers Attitudes toward Innovative Agricultural Products
Summary Global agri-food systems face the combined pressures of rising demand, climate change, resource constraints, and the need to reduce environmental impacts. These conditions increase the importance of innovations in agricultural production, processing, packaging, preservation, and traceability. Yet technological novelty alone does not guarantee market success. Innovative products generate economic value only when consumers understand them, perceive clear benefits, trust the information and actors surrounding them, and consider the associated risks acceptable. This issue is especially relevant in Georgia, where modernization of the agri-food sector increasingly brings new production, processing, packaging, and traceability solutions into the market. The present study therefore examines the factors associated with Georgian consumers’ attitudes toward innovative agricultural products and evaluates the relationship between attitude and purchase intention. The
2026-10-19
From Innovation to Purchase Intention: Georgian Consumers Attitudes toward Innovative Agricultural Products
Summary Global agri-food systems face the combined pressures of rising demand, climate change, resource constraints, and the need to reduce environmental impacts. These conditions increase the importance of innovations in agricultural production, processing, packaging, preservation, and traceability. Yet technological novelty alone does not guarantee market success. Innovative products generate economic value only when consumers understand them, perceive clear benefits, trust the information and actors surrounding them, and consider the associated risks acceptable. This issue is especially relevant in Georgia, where modernization of the agri-food sector increasingly brings new production, processing, packaging, and traceability solutions into the market. The present study therefore examines the factors associated with Georgian consumers’ attitudes toward innovative agricultural products and evaluates the relationship between attitude and purchase intention. The
2026-10-19
∘ Nugzar Todua ∘ Giorgi Ghvaladze ∘
The Mediating Role of Emotional Responses in the Influence of Sensory Marketing on Consumers Purchase Intention
Summary The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of sensory marketing on consumers purchase intention in the retail sector in Georgia and to identify the mediating role of consumers emotional responses in this process. The theoretical foundation of the study is the Stimulus–Organism–Response (S-O-R) model, according to which environmental sensory stimuli influence consumers internal states, which, in turn, are associated with behavioral responses. The study examines five types of sensory stimuli—visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory—and their effects on consumers’ emotional responses and purchase intention. The study is based on data collected from 723 respondents and analyzed using SPSS 31. Descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analyses were employed, while the measurement instrument was assessed using factor loadings, average variance extracted (AVE), Cronbachs alpha, and composite reliability (CR). The
2026-10-19
The Mediating Role of Emotional Responses in the Influence of Sensory Marketing on Consumers Purchase Intention
Summary The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of sensory marketing on consumers purchase intention in the retail sector in Georgia and to identify the mediating role of consumers emotional responses in this process. The theoretical foundation of the study is the Stimulus–Organism–Response (S-O-R) model, according to which environmental sensory stimuli influence consumers internal states, which, in turn, are associated with behavioral responses. The study examines five types of sensory stimuli—visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory—and their effects on consumers’ emotional responses and purchase intention. The study is based on data collected from 723 respondents and analyzed using SPSS 31. Descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analyses were employed, while the measurement instrument was assessed using factor loadings, average variance extracted (AVE), Cronbachs alpha, and composite reliability (CR). The
2026-10-19
∘ Eter Kakulia ∘ Nana Bibilashvili ∘ Tamar Tapladze ∘
Problems of access to financial resources of small and medium businesses
Summary The presented article discusses the issues that prevent access to financial resources for small and medium businesses in Georgia, prevent them from obtaining financing. In order to discuss these factors in detail, a study was conducted by us in 9 units of small and medium businesses in Kartli and Kakheti region. In the research, the data is obtained through direct interviews with the respondents. The article also uses officially published secondary data for this purpose. The results of our research showed that the size and age of the firm, the education and skills of their owners, unfavorable credit conditions such as high interest rates, inability to provide collateral, personal attitude of bank officials, etc. It is the biggest obstacle that small and medium businesses face in our country. A shortcoming of the research can be considered that the research was conducted only in two regions of the country and not in a large number of business units. A nationwide survey
2026-10-19
Problems of access to financial resources of small and medium businesses
Summary The presented article discusses the issues that prevent access to financial resources for small and medium businesses in Georgia, prevent them from obtaining financing. In order to discuss these factors in detail, a study was conducted by us in 9 units of small and medium businesses in Kartli and Kakheti region. In the research, the data is obtained through direct interviews with the respondents. The article also uses officially published secondary data for this purpose. The results of our research showed that the size and age of the firm, the education and skills of their owners, unfavorable credit conditions such as high interest rates, inability to provide collateral, personal attitude of bank officials, etc. It is the biggest obstacle that small and medium businesses face in our country. A shortcoming of the research can be considered that the research was conducted only in two regions of the country and not in a large number of business units. A nationwide survey
2026-10-19
∘ Levan Kikilashvili ∘ Ani Kikilashvili ∘
Strategic Agility, Organizational Resilience, and Ethical Responsibility in Contemporary Business
Annotation. The contemporary business environment is shaped simultaneously by technological change, geoeconomic tensions, climate-related risks, and the rapid renewal of workforce competencies. Under these conditions, cost optimization, standardization, and linear long-term planning are no longer sufficient to sustain organizational performance. This article analyzes the interrelationship among strategic agility, organizational resilience, and ethical responsibility and integrates them into a unified conceptual model. The study combines an integrative literature review, a comparative analysis of classical and contemporary management approaches, and an examination of the institutional environment facing small and medium-sized enterprises in Georgia. It draws on dynamic capabilities theory, process-based models of organizational resilience, stakeholder theory, psychological safety, and experience-based business education. The synthesis indicates that agility enables a timely response to
2026-10-19
Strategic Agility, Organizational Resilience, and Ethical Responsibility in Contemporary Business
Annotation. The contemporary business environment is shaped simultaneously by technological change, geoeconomic tensions, climate-related risks, and the rapid renewal of workforce competencies. Under these conditions, cost optimization, standardization, and linear long-term planning are no longer sufficient to sustain organizational performance. This article analyzes the interrelationship among strategic agility, organizational resilience, and ethical responsibility and integrates them into a unified conceptual model. The study combines an integrative literature review, a comparative analysis of classical and contemporary management approaches, and an examination of the institutional environment facing small and medium-sized enterprises in Georgia. It draws on dynamic capabilities theory, process-based models of organizational resilience, stakeholder theory, psychological safety, and experience-based business education. The synthesis indicates that agility enables a timely response to
2026-10-19
∘ Ketevan Kitsmarishvili ∘
History of the development of time management
Summary Effective time management is one of the most essential conditions for the successful professional activity of a modern businessman, startupper or manager. The exact date of the “birth” of time management is unknown. There was no one who would publicly proclaim: “Today I have formulated the foundations of time management”. For the first time, the written mention of time management attempts is associated with the name of the Roman philosopher and statesman, Lucius Annaeus Seneca. Seneca formulated his own methods of time management in one of his “Moral Letters”. The letter was addressed to the Roman patrician and poet Lucilius. Seneca’s recommendations were as follows: keeping records of time; dividing time into several parts: well-spent and poorly-spent time and time lost through inactivity; evaluating life according to how busy the past period
2026-10-19
History of the development of time management
Summary Effective time management is one of the most essential conditions for the successful professional activity of a modern businessman, startupper or manager. The exact date of the “birth” of time management is unknown. There was no one who would publicly proclaim: “Today I have formulated the foundations of time management”. For the first time, the written mention of time management attempts is associated with the name of the Roman philosopher and statesman, Lucius Annaeus Seneca. Seneca formulated his own methods of time management in one of his “Moral Letters”. The letter was addressed to the Roman patrician and poet Lucilius. Seneca’s recommendations were as follows: keeping records of time; dividing time into several parts: well-spent and poorly-spent time and time lost through inactivity; evaluating life according to how busy the past period
2026-10-19
∘ Ilia (Aziko) Sisvadze ∘
Knowledge as an economic category and the basis of socio-economic progress
Summary This paper presents a systematic investigation of the economic aspects of the category of knowledge, including its nature and essential characteristics as an economic category, its relationship with related economic phenomena and categories, the classification of the forms and specific functions of knowledge, and the establishment of its cause-and-effect relationships within the system of economic laws and categories. Particular attention is devoted to the dialectical laws governing the development of knowledge, both at the level of the individual and across society as a whole. On this basis, the study demonstrates the unique role of knowledge in the development of civilization, including economic development. It argues that, whereas the traditional factors of production—labour, land, and capital—are subject to the law of diminishing returns, this principle does not apply to knowledge. There are no objective economic conditions that would reduce the
2026-10-19
Knowledge as an economic category and the basis of socio-economic progress
Summary This paper presents a systematic investigation of the economic aspects of the category of knowledge, including its nature and essential characteristics as an economic category, its relationship with related economic phenomena and categories, the classification of the forms and specific functions of knowledge, and the establishment of its cause-and-effect relationships within the system of economic laws and categories. Particular attention is devoted to the dialectical laws governing the development of knowledge, both at the level of the individual and across society as a whole. On this basis, the study demonstrates the unique role of knowledge in the development of civilization, including economic development. It argues that, whereas the traditional factors of production—labour, land, and capital—are subject to the law of diminishing returns, this principle does not apply to knowledge. There are no objective economic conditions that would reduce the
2026-10-19
∘ Fati Shengelia ∘
Emotional Intelligenceand Leadership
Summary This article examines the role of emotional intelligence in leadership. Drawing on Daniel Golemans theory, it analyzes the five core components of emotional intelligence — self-awareness, self-regulation, self-motivation, empathy, and social skill — and their influence on team management, conflict resolution, and employee retention. The concept of group emotional intelligence is discussed separately, based on the research of Vanessa Urch Druskat and Steven B. Wolff. The article is based on a review of existing research and shows that, alongside general intelligence and technical skills, emotional intelligence makes a significant contribution to a company's success. In conclusion, it is emphasized that emotional intelligence is an acquirable and developable skill that represents a strategic advantage for leaders under conditions of crisis and uncertainty. Based on the review conducted, it can be said that emotional intelligence is no longer an additional,
2026-10-19
Emotional Intelligenceand Leadership
Summary This article examines the role of emotional intelligence in leadership. Drawing on Daniel Golemans theory, it analyzes the five core components of emotional intelligence — self-awareness, self-regulation, self-motivation, empathy, and social skill — and their influence on team management, conflict resolution, and employee retention. The concept of group emotional intelligence is discussed separately, based on the research of Vanessa Urch Druskat and Steven B. Wolff. The article is based on a review of existing research and shows that, alongside general intelligence and technical skills, emotional intelligence makes a significant contribution to a company's success. In conclusion, it is emphasized that emotional intelligence is an acquirable and developable skill that represents a strategic advantage for leaders under conditions of crisis and uncertainty. Based on the review conducted, it can be said that emotional intelligence is no longer an additional,
2026-10-19
∘ Marine Tsutskiridze ∘
The role of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Georgias economic security at the current stage
Summary The paper discusses the role and significance of small and medium enterprise systems in achieving Georgias economic security at the current stage of national economic development; it explores the development of small and medium entrepreneurship, the utilization of its productive and market potential, the opportunities for global entrepreneurial integration, and the pathways to achieving economic security in
2026-10-19
The role of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Georgias economic security at the current stage
Summary The paper discusses the role and significance of small and medium enterprise systems in achieving Georgias economic security at the current stage of national economic development; it explores the development of small and medium entrepreneurship, the utilization of its productive and market potential, the opportunities for global entrepreneurial integration, and the pathways to achieving economic security in
2026-10-19
∘ Zurab Tsereteli ∘
The Challenge of Economic Efficiency: Microeconomic Problems and Mechanisms for Overcoming Market Failures in Georgian Reality
Summary This scientific paper provides a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the fundamental microeconomic problems inherent in modern market economic systems, which disrupt the optimal allocation of scarce resources and lead to the phenomenon of "market failures." The research thoroughly examines four critical destabilizing factors: market monopolization, information asymmetry, positive and negative externalities, and the systemic undersupply of public goods. The paper evaluates the profound socio-economic impacts of these inefficiencies on individual consumer welfare as well as overall macroeconomic stability. Drawing upon established theoretical frameworks and empirical observations, this study demonstrates that an entirely unregulated, laissez-faire market economy cannot inherently achieve social optimum, thereby necessitating strategic government intervention. Ultimately, the paper formulates a complex set of structural recommendations, including the stringent reinforcement
2026-10-19
The Challenge of Economic Efficiency: Microeconomic Problems and Mechanisms for Overcoming Market Failures in Georgian Reality
Summary This scientific paper provides a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the fundamental microeconomic problems inherent in modern market economic systems, which disrupt the optimal allocation of scarce resources and lead to the phenomenon of "market failures." The research thoroughly examines four critical destabilizing factors: market monopolization, information asymmetry, positive and negative externalities, and the systemic undersupply of public goods. The paper evaluates the profound socio-economic impacts of these inefficiencies on individual consumer welfare as well as overall macroeconomic stability. Drawing upon established theoretical frameworks and empirical observations, this study demonstrates that an entirely unregulated, laissez-faire market economy cannot inherently achieve social optimum, thereby necessitating strategic government intervention. Ultimately, the paper formulates a complex set of structural recommendations, including the stringent reinforcement
2026-10-19
∘ Rusudan Dalakishvili-Chichinadze ∘
ESG Management in Georgia: From Sustainable Development to Sustainable Competitiveness
Summary Issues of sustainable development, social responsibility, environmental safety, and effective corporate governance are occupying an increasingly important place in the activities of modern organizations. One of the significant manifestations of this shift is the integration of ESG—Environmental, Social, and Governance—factors into organizational management. ESG management involves incorporating factors into an organization's strategic, financial, operational, and risk management processes that influence both its financial sustainability and its social and environmental outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the development opportunities and key challenges of ESG management in Georgian organizations. The study pays particular attention to ongoing processes in the financial sector of Georgia, the Sustainable Finance Framework developed by the National Bank, ESG reporting practices, the Sustainable Finance Taxonomy, and ESG risk management
2026-10-19
ESG Management in Georgia: From Sustainable Development to Sustainable Competitiveness
Summary Issues of sustainable development, social responsibility, environmental safety, and effective corporate governance are occupying an increasingly important place in the activities of modern organizations. One of the significant manifestations of this shift is the integration of ESG—Environmental, Social, and Governance—factors into organizational management. ESG management involves incorporating factors into an organization's strategic, financial, operational, and risk management processes that influence both its financial sustainability and its social and environmental outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the development opportunities and key challenges of ESG management in Georgian organizations. The study pays particular attention to ongoing processes in the financial sector of Georgia, the Sustainable Finance Framework developed by the National Bank, ESG reporting practices, the Sustainable Finance Taxonomy, and ESG risk management
2026-10-19
∘ Ketevan Chiabrishvili ∘ Shalva Kvezereli ∘ Rusudan Dalakishvili ∘
ESG Management in Georgia: From Sustainable Development to Sustainable Competitiveness
Summary Issues of sustainable development, social responsibility, environmental safety, and effective corporate governance are occupying an increasingly important place in the activities of modern organizations. One of the significant manifestations of this shift is the integration of ESG—Environmental, Social, and Governance—factors into organizational management. ESG management involves incorporating factors into an organization's strategic, financial, operational, and risk management processes that influence both its financial sustainability and its social and environmental outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the development opportunities and key challenges of ESG management in Georgian organizations. The study pays particular attention to ongoing processes in the financial sector of Georgia, the Sustainable Finance Framework developed by the National Bank, ESG reporting practices, the Sustainable Finance Taxonomy, and ESG risk management
2026-10-19
ESG Management in Georgia: From Sustainable Development to Sustainable Competitiveness
Summary Issues of sustainable development, social responsibility, environmental safety, and effective corporate governance are occupying an increasingly important place in the activities of modern organizations. One of the significant manifestations of this shift is the integration of ESG—Environmental, Social, and Governance—factors into organizational management. ESG management involves incorporating factors into an organization's strategic, financial, operational, and risk management processes that influence both its financial sustainability and its social and environmental outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the development opportunities and key challenges of ESG management in Georgian organizations. The study pays particular attention to ongoing processes in the financial sector of Georgia, the Sustainable Finance Framework developed by the National Bank, ESG reporting practices, the Sustainable Finance Taxonomy, and ESG risk management
2026-10-19
∘ Giorgi Kharshiladze ∘
Strategic Paradoxes in the Platform Economy: Forced Co-Op and Organizational Transformation
Summary This paper analyzes the strategic paradoxes emerging under the hegemony of global digital platforms, specifically focusing on the phenomenon of coerced coopetition. The study deconstructs classical strategic management theories—namely, Michael Porter’s Five Forces and the Resource-Based View (RBV)—demonstrating their analytical limitations within platform ecosystems. The paper introduces an original conceptual framework: Recursive Institutional Translation Theory (RITT), which elucidates how macro-level platform architectures and algorithmic pressures are translated into micro-level organizational realities and hybrid adaptive models. Grounded in an interpretivist epistemological orientation and qualitative narrative synthesis, this research explores the digital transformation trajectories of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) within the context of emerging economies and rigid ecosystem constraints. Keywords: Digital Platforms, Coerced
2026-10-19
Strategic Paradoxes in the Platform Economy: Forced Co-Op and Organizational Transformation
Summary This paper analyzes the strategic paradoxes emerging under the hegemony of global digital platforms, specifically focusing on the phenomenon of coerced coopetition. The study deconstructs classical strategic management theories—namely, Michael Porter’s Five Forces and the Resource-Based View (RBV)—demonstrating their analytical limitations within platform ecosystems. The paper introduces an original conceptual framework: Recursive Institutional Translation Theory (RITT), which elucidates how macro-level platform architectures and algorithmic pressures are translated into micro-level organizational realities and hybrid adaptive models. Grounded in an interpretivist epistemological orientation and qualitative narrative synthesis, this research explores the digital transformation trajectories of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) within the context of emerging economies and rigid ecosystem constraints. Keywords: Digital Platforms, Coerced
2026-10-19
∘ George Bregvadze ∘ Lina Datunashvili ∘
Unemployment and Employment in Georgia
Summary The article examines the state of Georgias labor market based on data from the first quarter of 2026, comparing it with the corresponding indicators from 2021–2025. The study shows that the unemployment rate in Georgia has declined consistently over the last five years — from 20.6 percent in 2021 to 14.4 percent in the first quarter of 2026 — which clearly demonstrates the positive impact of economic growth and employment policy. The article also highlights the increase in average wages above the inflation rate, the high growth rate of gross domestic product, and state initiatives aimed at supporting youth employment and vocational education. In conclusion, the paper presents the prospects for further labor market
2026-10-19
Unemployment and Employment in Georgia
Summary The article examines the state of Georgias labor market based on data from the first quarter of 2026, comparing it with the corresponding indicators from 2021–2025. The study shows that the unemployment rate in Georgia has declined consistently over the last five years — from 20.6 percent in 2021 to 14.4 percent in the first quarter of 2026 — which clearly demonstrates the positive impact of economic growth and employment policy. The article also highlights the increase in average wages above the inflation rate, the high growth rate of gross domestic product, and state initiatives aimed at supporting youth employment and vocational education. In conclusion, the paper presents the prospects for further labor market
2026-10-19
∘ Maya Gogokhia ∘
Modern Trends in the Development of Microfinance Organizations
Summary The microfinance sector in Georgia has been developing dynamically over the last decade.The adequate assessment of the potential opportunities of microfinance and the determination of effective directions for its operation largely depend on the behavior of both consumers and providers of financial services. Notably, the National Bank of Georgia plays an important role, as it acts as the regulator of the microfinance sector.Transparent practices in the issuance of microloans contribute to increasing public trust in microfinance organizations. The article identifies the main aspects of the development of microfinance organizations at the modern stage, both in Georgia and worldwide. The primary objective of microfinance is to ensure access to financial resources for individuals who are traditionally excluded from bank lending due to the lack of collateral, stable income, or a reliable credit history. Innovative approaches and technologies are being developed to
2026-10-19
Modern Trends in the Development of Microfinance Organizations
Summary The microfinance sector in Georgia has been developing dynamically over the last decade.The adequate assessment of the potential opportunities of microfinance and the determination of effective directions for its operation largely depend on the behavior of both consumers and providers of financial services. Notably, the National Bank of Georgia plays an important role, as it acts as the regulator of the microfinance sector.Transparent practices in the issuance of microloans contribute to increasing public trust in microfinance organizations. The article identifies the main aspects of the development of microfinance organizations at the modern stage, both in Georgia and worldwide. The primary objective of microfinance is to ensure access to financial resources for individuals who are traditionally excluded from bank lending due to the lack of collateral, stable income, or a reliable credit history. Innovative approaches and technologies are being developed to
2026-10-19
∘ Nata Davlasheridze ∘ Shota Tvauri ∘
Growth in the Age of Geo-Economic Transformation: State and Challenges of Global and National Economies
Summary The article examines the contemporary transformation of the global and national economies as the result of the simultaneous interaction of three processes: geoeconomic restructuring, accelerating technological change, and intensifying climate, demographic, and social constraints. Unlike approaches that analyze these factors separately, the article proposes viewing them as a unified system of interconnected constraints, structural shifts, and growth opportunities. The theoretical framework is based on the ideas of the 2025 Nobel laureates in Economic Sciences Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt concerning innovation-driven growth and creative destruction, as well as the institutional approach of Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson and William Nordhaus’s economics of climate change. New data from 2026 show that the global economy continues to grow but is becoming increasingly heterogeneous: the artificial intelligence-driven technological cycle
2026-10-19
Growth in the Age of Geo-Economic Transformation: State and Challenges of Global and National Economies
Summary The article examines the contemporary transformation of the global and national economies as the result of the simultaneous interaction of three processes: geoeconomic restructuring, accelerating technological change, and intensifying climate, demographic, and social constraints. Unlike approaches that analyze these factors separately, the article proposes viewing them as a unified system of interconnected constraints, structural shifts, and growth opportunities. The theoretical framework is based on the ideas of the 2025 Nobel laureates in Economic Sciences Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt concerning innovation-driven growth and creative destruction, as well as the institutional approach of Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson and William Nordhaus’s economics of climate change. New data from 2026 show that the global economy continues to grow but is becoming increasingly heterogeneous: the artificial intelligence-driven technological cycle
2026-10-19
∘ Lia Dvalishvili ∘ SOPIO DAVITASHVILI ∘
Food supply - one of the factors determining the countrys food security
Summary The paper examines the role of food provision and food security in the countrys socio-economic sustainability and national security. Against the backdrop of global challenges—such as climate change, population growth, and economic instability—the four core dimensions of food security are analyzed. Using the example of Georgia, critical issues are highlighted, including high import dependence on strategic agrifood products, low purchasing power of the population, and limited economic accessibility to food. The study discusses the significant reliance of Georgias food provision and security on the development of agriculture—one of the key sectors of the national economy. The paper emphasizes that mitigating existing risks and achieving food independence are achievable through strengthening local production, adopting climate-smart agriculture, and implementing effective state subsidies and management
2026-10-19
Food supply - one of the factors determining the countrys food security
Summary The paper examines the role of food provision and food security in the countrys socio-economic sustainability and national security. Against the backdrop of global challenges—such as climate change, population growth, and economic instability—the four core dimensions of food security are analyzed. Using the example of Georgia, critical issues are highlighted, including high import dependence on strategic agrifood products, low purchasing power of the population, and limited economic accessibility to food. The study discusses the significant reliance of Georgias food provision and security on the development of agriculture—one of the key sectors of the national economy. The paper emphasizes that mitigating existing risks and achieving food independence are achievable through strengthening local production, adopting climate-smart agriculture, and implementing effective state subsidies and management
2026-10-19
∘ Tsitsino Tetrauli ∘
The impact of technologies on the economy of poor countries
Summary Under the conditions of globalization, achieving universal welfare has proven impossible. Very rich and very poor countries still coexist in the world, and the gap between them is widening further in the wake of new geopolitical transformations and technological developments. The rich are getting richer, while the poor are getting poorer—a dilemma that became particularly evident during the periods of pandemics and wars, which significantly damaged the global economy. As a country with limited agricultural land and a small economy, Georgia faces these major challenges with a pressing need to ensure its food security, specifically by increasing wheat cultivation and reducing its import dependence on
2026-10-19
The impact of technologies on the economy of poor countries
Summary Under the conditions of globalization, achieving universal welfare has proven impossible. Very rich and very poor countries still coexist in the world, and the gap between them is widening further in the wake of new geopolitical transformations and technological developments. The rich are getting richer, while the poor are getting poorer—a dilemma that became particularly evident during the periods of pandemics and wars, which significantly damaged the global economy. As a country with limited agricultural land and a small economy, Georgia faces these major challenges with a pressing need to ensure its food security, specifically by increasing wheat cultivation and reducing its import dependence on
2026-10-19
∘ Dali Magrakvelidze ∘
Georgias Place in the Modern World Economy: Reality and Challenges
Summary The modern global economy is characterized by rapid technological progress, new trends in globalization, deepening regional integration, and geopolitical transformations. Within these processes, Georgias role is determined by its status as a transit country connecting Europe and Asia, as well as by its position as a developing open economy. The paper analyzes Georgias economic position in the contemporary global economy, discusses the countrys competitive advantages, key challenges, and development prospects. Particular attention is paid to the importance of international trade, foreign direct investment, logistics corridors, the digital economy, and innovative
2026-10-19
Georgias Place in the Modern World Economy: Reality and Challenges
Summary The modern global economy is characterized by rapid technological progress, new trends in globalization, deepening regional integration, and geopolitical transformations. Within these processes, Georgias role is determined by its status as a transit country connecting Europe and Asia, as well as by its position as a developing open economy. The paper analyzes Georgias economic position in the contemporary global economy, discusses the countrys competitive advantages, key challenges, and development prospects. Particular attention is paid to the importance of international trade, foreign direct investment, logistics corridors, the digital economy, and innovative
2026-10-19
∘ Vagif Mammadzada ∘
DEMOGRAPHIC OPPORTUNITY AND EMPLOYMENT ABSORPTION IN POST-SOVIET ECONOMIES
Summary This paper investigates whether the demographic opportunity created by an expanding working-age population was converted into measured domestic employment across the fifteen post-Soviet economies between 1991 and 2024. The countries entered independence after a shared institutional and economic rupture, yet their demographic paths soon diverged. Working-age populations contracted in the Baltic states and in several Eastern European and South Caucasus economies, remained broadly stable in Armenia, Belarus and the Russian Federation, and expanded strongly in Azerbaijan and Central Asia. These contrasting trajectories provide a useful setting for distinguishing the potential labour supply created by demographic change from the employment that domestic economies actually generated. The analysis combines population-by-age data from the United Nations World Population Prospects 2024 with output and labour-market indicators from the World Bank's World Development Indicators.
2026-10-19
DEMOGRAPHIC OPPORTUNITY AND EMPLOYMENT ABSORPTION IN POST-SOVIET ECONOMIES
Summary This paper investigates whether the demographic opportunity created by an expanding working-age population was converted into measured domestic employment across the fifteen post-Soviet economies between 1991 and 2024. The countries entered independence after a shared institutional and economic rupture, yet their demographic paths soon diverged. Working-age populations contracted in the Baltic states and in several Eastern European and South Caucasus economies, remained broadly stable in Armenia, Belarus and the Russian Federation, and expanded strongly in Azerbaijan and Central Asia. These contrasting trajectories provide a useful setting for distinguishing the potential labour supply created by demographic change from the employment that domestic economies actually generated. The analysis combines population-by-age data from the United Nations World Population Prospects 2024 with output and labour-market indicators from the World Bank's World Development Indicators.
2026-10-19
∘ Zurab Nozadze ∘
Economic Problems at the Global and National Levels and Issues for Improvement
Summary The article discusses the current state of economic development at both national and global scales. It presents a comprehensive set of specific proposals and measures aimed at further improving economic development and fostering the steady rise of human living standards and
2026-10-19
Economic Problems at the Global and National Levels and Issues for Improvement
Summary The article discusses the current state of economic development at both national and global scales. It presents a comprehensive set of specific proposals and measures aimed at further improving economic development and fostering the steady rise of human living standards and
2026-10-19
∘ Lasha Tabatadze ∘
Problems and Challenges in the Georgian Economy – Trade Deficit and Structural Economic Vulnerabilities
Annotation.The Georgian economy has demonstrated significant growth during the post-pandemic period however, structural weaknesses continue to create substantial economic vulnerabilities. One of the most persistent and critical problems is the country’s chronic trade deficit, which reflects Georgia’s dependence on imports, limited export diversification, and weak industrial capacity. This article examines the major economic challenges facing Georgia between 2022 and 2025, with particular emphasis on the trade deficit, inflationary pressures, unemployment, external dependence, and sectoral imbalances. The research analyzes statistical data from the National Statistics Office of Georgia (GeoStat), the National Bank of Georgia, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and other international institutions. The paper argues that although Georgia has experienced high economic growth rates in recent years, this growth remains fragile because it relies heavily on tourism,
2026-10-19
Problems and Challenges in the Georgian Economy – Trade Deficit and Structural Economic Vulnerabilities
Annotation.The Georgian economy has demonstrated significant growth during the post-pandemic period however, structural weaknesses continue to create substantial economic vulnerabilities. One of the most persistent and critical problems is the country’s chronic trade deficit, which reflects Georgia’s dependence on imports, limited export diversification, and weak industrial capacity. This article examines the major economic challenges facing Georgia between 2022 and 2025, with particular emphasis on the trade deficit, inflationary pressures, unemployment, external dependence, and sectoral imbalances. The research analyzes statistical data from the National Statistics Office of Georgia (GeoStat), the National Bank of Georgia, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and other international institutions. The paper argues that although Georgia has experienced high economic growth rates in recent years, this growth remains fragile because it relies heavily on tourism,
2026-10-19
∘ Mariam Keshelashvili ∘
Aquaculture as a water-based economic activity
Summary This study examines the economic, environmental, and governance significance of the multifunctional use of water resources and reservoirs. It analyses the key functions of reservoirs, including hydropower generation, irrigation, water supply, environmental protection, aquaculture, tourism, and recreation, with particular emphasis on synergies and potential conflicts among competing uses. The study further explores adaptive management approaches, water allocation principles, economic benefits, environmental costs, and governance models for multifunctional reservoirs. Special attention is given to the current practices and development opportunities of reservoirs in Georgia. Based on the analysis, the study proposes a framework for functional inventory and classification of reservoirs, as well as the introduction of pilot models for multifunctional reservoir management. The findings indicate that sustainable reservoir management requires effective coordination of multiple
2026-10-19
Aquaculture as a water-based economic activity
Summary This study examines the economic, environmental, and governance significance of the multifunctional use of water resources and reservoirs. It analyses the key functions of reservoirs, including hydropower generation, irrigation, water supply, environmental protection, aquaculture, tourism, and recreation, with particular emphasis on synergies and potential conflicts among competing uses. The study further explores adaptive management approaches, water allocation principles, economic benefits, environmental costs, and governance models for multifunctional reservoirs. Special attention is given to the current practices and development opportunities of reservoirs in Georgia. Based on the analysis, the study proposes a framework for functional inventory and classification of reservoirs, as well as the introduction of pilot models for multifunctional reservoir management. The findings indicate that sustainable reservoir management requires effective coordination of multiple
2026-10-19
∘ Malkhaz Chikobava ∘
Credit Money and Economic Crises
Summary The core contradiction of the contemporary capitalist economic system lies in the fact that capitalist profit and bank interest withdraw a portion of the money supply from circulation, leading to a chronic deficiency of liquidity among consumers. Wealth accumulates in the hands of the owners of the means of production and bankers, thereby generating a monetary deficit for consumers and inducing a contraction in consumer demand. Paradoxically, the present profit accrued by capitalists precipitates the absence of profit for them tomorrow, which constitutes the fundamental paradox of capitalism. To maintain equilibrium within the market system, it is essential for the money supply to circulate between producers and consumers without leakage—namely, without capitalist profit and usurious interest. Restoring this balance necessitates extracting the fraction of personal income from capitalists and moneylenders that flows into capital accumulation, and redirecting it
2026-10-19
Credit Money and Economic Crises
Summary The core contradiction of the contemporary capitalist economic system lies in the fact that capitalist profit and bank interest withdraw a portion of the money supply from circulation, leading to a chronic deficiency of liquidity among consumers. Wealth accumulates in the hands of the owners of the means of production and bankers, thereby generating a monetary deficit for consumers and inducing a contraction in consumer demand. Paradoxically, the present profit accrued by capitalists precipitates the absence of profit for them tomorrow, which constitutes the fundamental paradox of capitalism. To maintain equilibrium within the market system, it is essential for the money supply to circulate between producers and consumers without leakage—namely, without capitalist profit and usurious interest. Restoring this balance necessitates extracting the fraction of personal income from capitalists and moneylenders that flows into capital accumulation, and redirecting it
2026-10-19
∘ Elene Chikovani ∘ Giorgi Evgenidze ∘
About Working Out “Green” Economy Indicators in Georgia
Summary Article is focused on the problems of working out “Green” Economy Indicators in Georgia. Considers the essence and concept of the “Green” economy and its importance for the sustainable economic growth and social inclusion taking into the account the measurs for the protection of the environment. The main directions and sectors of the Green Economy are characterized. According to the goals and tasks defined by the UN “2030 Agenda for Sustanable Development “ the necessity of the maiking practical steps in Georgia towards working out of the circle of “Green” economic indicators, establishment of the methodology and data collection and dissemination system are substantiated. Existing challenges in setting up in Georgia of the United Nations frame “Green” Economy Indicators and four groups of OECD Green Growth Indicators (environmental and resource productivity, the
2026-10-19
About Working Out “Green” Economy Indicators in Georgia
Summary Article is focused on the problems of working out “Green” Economy Indicators in Georgia. Considers the essence and concept of the “Green” economy and its importance for the sustainable economic growth and social inclusion taking into the account the measurs for the protection of the environment. The main directions and sectors of the Green Economy are characterized. According to the goals and tasks defined by the UN “2030 Agenda for Sustanable Development “ the necessity of the maiking practical steps in Georgia towards working out of the circle of “Green” economic indicators, establishment of the methodology and data collection and dissemination system are substantiated. Existing challenges in setting up in Georgia of the United Nations frame “Green” Economy Indicators and four groups of OECD Green Growth Indicators (environmental and resource productivity, the
2026-10-19
∘ Valeri Arghutashvili ∘
Limits of Applying the Circular Economy in Regional Tourism
Summary This article analyzes the potential applications of circular economy principles in regional tourism. It explores how this approach can enhance the economic resilience of regions and gradually transform the traditional, linear model of tourism, which relies heavily on intensive resource consumption, waste generation, and dependence on external supply chains, into an alternative systemic model based on waste and pollution prevention, resource value retention, reuse, and the development of local supply chains. The paper examines the theoretical foundations of circular tourism and its relationship with regional economic resilience, destination management, and local wealth creation. Particular attention is given to the implementation opportunities for this approach across Georgia's regions. Additionally, a system of indicators is proposed to evaluate the resulting economic, environmental, and social outcomes. Keywords: Circular Economy; Regional Tourism; Circular Tourism;
2026-10-19
Limits of Applying the Circular Economy in Regional Tourism
Summary This article analyzes the potential applications of circular economy principles in regional tourism. It explores how this approach can enhance the economic resilience of regions and gradually transform the traditional, linear model of tourism, which relies heavily on intensive resource consumption, waste generation, and dependence on external supply chains, into an alternative systemic model based on waste and pollution prevention, resource value retention, reuse, and the development of local supply chains. The paper examines the theoretical foundations of circular tourism and its relationship with regional economic resilience, destination management, and local wealth creation. Particular attention is given to the implementation opportunities for this approach across Georgia's regions. Additionally, a system of indicators is proposed to evaluate the resulting economic, environmental, and social outcomes. Keywords: Circular Economy; Regional Tourism; Circular Tourism;
2026-10-19
∘ Ahmadova Turkan ∘
Development trends of e-economic services in Azerbaijans healthcare sector
Annotation. The aim of this study is to examine the current state and development trends of e-services in Azerbaijans healthcare sector. The study identified the key factors influencing the expansion of e-services in the healthcare sector and examined the sectors current challenges. The findings of the study are important for determining future directions for the development of e-services in the healthcare sector. Keywords: e-services,e-health, digital economy, digital health. Introduction In Azerbaijan, which is rapidly integrating into the global economy, the primary focus is on the swift and effective completion of the digital transformation process. Against the backdrop of policies supporting digitization and digitalization, measures such as expanding digital infrastructure, adopting programs that promote the implementation of digital solutions, and improving digital skills play a key role in enhancing the countrys digital environment. Azerbaijans main advantage in the
2026-10-19
Development trends of e-economic services in Azerbaijans healthcare sector
Annotation. The aim of this study is to examine the current state and development trends of e-services in Azerbaijans healthcare sector. The study identified the key factors influencing the expansion of e-services in the healthcare sector and examined the sectors current challenges. The findings of the study are important for determining future directions for the development of e-services in the healthcare sector. Keywords: e-services,e-health, digital economy, digital health. Introduction In Azerbaijan, which is rapidly integrating into the global economy, the primary focus is on the swift and effective completion of the digital transformation process. Against the backdrop of policies supporting digitization and digitalization, measures such as expanding digital infrastructure, adopting programs that promote the implementation of digital solutions, and improving digital skills play a key role in enhancing the countrys digital environment. Azerbaijans main advantage in the
2026-10-19
∘ Madona Gelashvili ∘
Opportunities and prospects for tourism development in the context of a green economy
Summary One of the significant challenges facing Georgias development is unlocking the potential for inclusive and green growth in a country richly endowed with cultural, human, and natural resources, which, if empowered by innovation, could become a regional hub for the green economy. For Georgia, green growth means opening up its rich natural, cultural, and human capital to new business opportunities that serve as a driving force for economic growth and development, while simultaneously ensuring that these assets continue to provide the resources and services upon which our well-being relies. Tourism is one of the priority sectors of the countrys economy, as evidenced by the steady growth of this sectors share. For Georgia, as an attractive tourist destination, the proper development of this industry is particularly crucial, which implies the development of sustainable tourism. This represents an effort to acknowledge all impacts of tourism—both positive and negative. The
2026-10-19
Opportunities and prospects for tourism development in the context of a green economy
Summary One of the significant challenges facing Georgias development is unlocking the potential for inclusive and green growth in a country richly endowed with cultural, human, and natural resources, which, if empowered by innovation, could become a regional hub for the green economy. For Georgia, green growth means opening up its rich natural, cultural, and human capital to new business opportunities that serve as a driving force for economic growth and development, while simultaneously ensuring that these assets continue to provide the resources and services upon which our well-being relies. Tourism is one of the priority sectors of the countrys economy, as evidenced by the steady growth of this sectors share. For Georgia, as an attractive tourist destination, the proper development of this industry is particularly crucial, which implies the development of sustainable tourism. This represents an effort to acknowledge all impacts of tourism—both positive and negative. The
2026-10-19
∘ Revaz Kvatashidze ∘ Gela Machaidze ∘ Sofio Gigauri ∘ Gela Lobjanidze ∘
PROSPECTS FOR THE RATIONAL EXPLOITATION OF GEORGIAS FUEL-ENERGY RESOURSES IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL TRENDS, IMPROVEMENT OF INNOVATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Summary The present study examines the prospects for the rational utilization of Georgias fuel and energy resources within the context of global energy transition, innovative infrastructure development, and sustainable development imperatives. The research is based on the premise that the growing challenges of climate change, energy security, decarbonization, digital transformation, and geopolitical uncertainty require a comprehensive approach to the management of national energy resources. Georgia possesses significant hydro, coal, oil, natural gas, geothermal, wind, solar, and biomass resources, which constitute a substantial foundation for strengthening national energy independence and enhancing regional competitiveness. However, the efficient exploitation of these resources remains constrained by technological, institutional, infrastructural, and investment-related challenges. The study applies a multidisciplinary methodological framework, integrating systems analysis,
2026-10-19
PROSPECTS FOR THE RATIONAL EXPLOITATION OF GEORGIAS FUEL-ENERGY RESOURSES IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL TRENDS, IMPROVEMENT OF INNOVATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Summary The present study examines the prospects for the rational utilization of Georgias fuel and energy resources within the context of global energy transition, innovative infrastructure development, and sustainable development imperatives. The research is based on the premise that the growing challenges of climate change, energy security, decarbonization, digital transformation, and geopolitical uncertainty require a comprehensive approach to the management of national energy resources. Georgia possesses significant hydro, coal, oil, natural gas, geothermal, wind, solar, and biomass resources, which constitute a substantial foundation for strengthening national energy independence and enhancing regional competitiveness. However, the efficient exploitation of these resources remains constrained by technological, institutional, infrastructural, and investment-related challenges. The study applies a multidisciplinary methodological framework, integrating systems analysis,
2026-10-19
∘ Medea Melashvili ∘ Nunu Kistauri ∘ Ketevan Kveladze ∘
The Role and Importance of Social Tourism: Global Perspectives and Implications for Georgia
Summary This paper examines the role and significance of social tourism from both global and Georgian perspectives. The study is based on statistical data for 2020–2025, international reports, and an analysis of European best practices. It explores social tourism as an important instrument for promoting social inclusion, improving quality of life, strengthening regional development, and enhancing economic security. The research analyzes successful social tourism models implemented in Spain, France, and Poland, highlighting their contribution to reducing tourism seasonality, increasing employment, stimulating local economies, and improving citizens psychological well-being. Particular attention is paid to the current state of social tourism in Georgia, its institutional framework, existing challenges, and future development opportunities. The findings indicate that social tourism has considerable potential to strengthen domestic tourism, reduce regional disparities, and
2026-10-19
The Role and Importance of Social Tourism: Global Perspectives and Implications for Georgia
Summary This paper examines the role and significance of social tourism from both global and Georgian perspectives. The study is based on statistical data for 2020–2025, international reports, and an analysis of European best practices. It explores social tourism as an important instrument for promoting social inclusion, improving quality of life, strengthening regional development, and enhancing economic security. The research analyzes successful social tourism models implemented in Spain, France, and Poland, highlighting their contribution to reducing tourism seasonality, increasing employment, stimulating local economies, and improving citizens psychological well-being. Particular attention is paid to the current state of social tourism in Georgia, its institutional framework, existing challenges, and future development opportunities. The findings indicate that social tourism has considerable potential to strengthen domestic tourism, reduce regional disparities, and
2026-10-19
∘ KETEVAN OMANADZE ∘
The impact of healthcare institution image and brand on patient decision-making
Summary This study aims to examine the impact of healthcare institution image and branding on patient decision-making. In the modern healthcare environment, patients are increasingly perceived as active consumers whose choices are influenced by a combination of rational, emotional, and psychological factors. In this context, organizational image plays a crucial role in shaping patients’ perceptions, trust, and expectations toward medical services. The research is grounded in the theoretical framework of consumer behavior and explores the key determinants influencing patient choice, including institutional reputation, visual identity, communication strategies, and online reviews. The study employs a quantitative research method, using a structured questionnaire to collect data, which allows for the assessment of the extent to which image and branding affect patient decisions. The findings indicate that healthcare institutions with a strong brand and positive image enjoy
2026-10-19
The impact of healthcare institution image and brand on patient decision-making
Summary This study aims to examine the impact of healthcare institution image and branding on patient decision-making. In the modern healthcare environment, patients are increasingly perceived as active consumers whose choices are influenced by a combination of rational, emotional, and psychological factors. In this context, organizational image plays a crucial role in shaping patients’ perceptions, trust, and expectations toward medical services. The research is grounded in the theoretical framework of consumer behavior and explores the key determinants influencing patient choice, including institutional reputation, visual identity, communication strategies, and online reviews. The study employs a quantitative research method, using a structured questionnaire to collect data, which allows for the assessment of the extent to which image and branding affect patient decisions. The findings indicate that healthcare institutions with a strong brand and positive image enjoy
2026-10-19
∘ Rusudan Papaskiri ∘
The Impact of Geopolitical Processes on the Development of Agriculture in Georgia
Summary The paper examines the development of Georgia’s agricultural sector in the context of globalization and geopolitical processes. The aim of the article is to analyze the economic importance of the agricultural sector, the structure of export and import, international trade relations, and the impact of geopolitical factors on the country’s agrarian market. The study presents the main trends in the development of Georgian agriculture, including existing challenges such as technological backwardness, low productivity, dependence on imports, and limited competitiveness in international markets. The paper proposes several directions for the development of the agricultural sector, including strengthening local production, implementing modern standards and innovations, diversifying export markets, and ensuring food security. Particular attention is paid to the significance of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area agreement (DCFTA) with the European Union, as
2026-10-19
The Impact of Geopolitical Processes on the Development of Agriculture in Georgia
Summary The paper examines the development of Georgia’s agricultural sector in the context of globalization and geopolitical processes. The aim of the article is to analyze the economic importance of the agricultural sector, the structure of export and import, international trade relations, and the impact of geopolitical factors on the country’s agrarian market. The study presents the main trends in the development of Georgian agriculture, including existing challenges such as technological backwardness, low productivity, dependence on imports, and limited competitiveness in international markets. The paper proposes several directions for the development of the agricultural sector, including strengthening local production, implementing modern standards and innovations, diversifying export markets, and ensuring food security. Particular attention is paid to the significance of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area agreement (DCFTA) with the European Union, as
2026-10-19
∘ Nino Zhorzhikashvili ∘
Economic and Social Challenges of the Healthcare System in Georgia at the Present Stage
Summary Health is a fundamental human right and one of the most important foundations for the development of society. In the modern world, health issues are increasingly linked to national security issues. State security no longer refers only to military defense and the protection of territorial integrity. The modern understanding of national security also includes economic, social, demographic, cybersecurity, and public health.The healthcare system is one of the important foundations of the sustainability of a modern state and national security. The health status of the population affects the country's economic productivity, the quality of labor resources, social stability, and the state's ability to effectively cope with crises and emergencies. Accordingly, discussing healthcare policy only in the context of social policy is no longer sufficient and it should be considered as part of a broader concept of national security. In the case of Georgia, the development of the
2026-10-19
Economic and Social Challenges of the Healthcare System in Georgia at the Present Stage
Summary Health is a fundamental human right and one of the most important foundations for the development of society. In the modern world, health issues are increasingly linked to national security issues. State security no longer refers only to military defense and the protection of territorial integrity. The modern understanding of national security also includes economic, social, demographic, cybersecurity, and public health.The healthcare system is one of the important foundations of the sustainability of a modern state and national security. The health status of the population affects the country's economic productivity, the quality of labor resources, social stability, and the state's ability to effectively cope with crises and emergencies. Accordingly, discussing healthcare policy only in the context of social policy is no longer sufficient and it should be considered as part of a broader concept of national security. In the case of Georgia, the development of the
2026-10-19
∘ Ketevan Kveladze ∘ Medea Melashvili ∘ Nunu Kistauri ∘
Ecological Waste as One of the Main Challenges to Tourism Development
Summary The paper discusses the impact of the increase in ecological waste and the contemporary problems of waste management on tourism development at the global and Georgian levels. The study addresses the main types of waste generated by the tourism industry — plastic, food, municipal, wastewater, and other types of waste, which exert significant pressure on the environment, climate, as well as ecological and economic systems. The paper analyzes the impact of tourism development, urbanization, and the growth of mass consumption on the increase in waste volume. It also discusses the main challenges of modern waste management systems, including the rapid growth of plastic waste, low recycling rates, and the overloading of infrastructure in tourist regions. Particular attention is paid to the economic costs and environmental risks associated with tourism. The research is based on comparative, statistical, and analytical methods, using international and Georgian
2026-10-19
Ecological Waste as One of the Main Challenges to Tourism Development
Summary The paper discusses the impact of the increase in ecological waste and the contemporary problems of waste management on tourism development at the global and Georgian levels. The study addresses the main types of waste generated by the tourism industry — plastic, food, municipal, wastewater, and other types of waste, which exert significant pressure on the environment, climate, as well as ecological and economic systems. The paper analyzes the impact of tourism development, urbanization, and the growth of mass consumption on the increase in waste volume. It also discusses the main challenges of modern waste management systems, including the rapid growth of plastic waste, low recycling rates, and the overloading of infrastructure in tourist regions. Particular attention is paid to the economic costs and environmental risks associated with tourism. The research is based on comparative, statistical, and analytical methods, using international and Georgian
2026-10-19
∘ Nunu Kistauri ∘ Ketevan Kveladze ∘ Medea Melashvili ∘
Impact of Tourism on Socio-Economic Security under Conditions of Geo-Economic Fragmentation (Global Trends and Georgia)
Summary The present study is devoted to assessing the impact of tourism on socio-economic security under the conditions of geoeconomic fragmentation. The paper analyzes contemporary trends in international tourism, the impact of geopolitical processes on tourist flows, and the role of tourism in economic growth, employment generation, regional development, and the well-being of the population. Special attention is paid to the specific characteristics of the development of Georgia’s tourism sector, as well as to the new challenges and opportunities arising under the conditions of geoeconomic changes. The global crises that have developed in recent years have clearly demonstrated that the tourism sector is directly dependent on the stability of the international political and economic environment. For the sustainable development of the sector, it is essential to diversify markets, ensure security, and formulate a long-term economic strategy. The statistical data presented in
2026-10-19
Impact of Tourism on Socio-Economic Security under Conditions of Geo-Economic Fragmentation (Global Trends and Georgia)
Summary The present study is devoted to assessing the impact of tourism on socio-economic security under the conditions of geoeconomic fragmentation. The paper analyzes contemporary trends in international tourism, the impact of geopolitical processes on tourist flows, and the role of tourism in economic growth, employment generation, regional development, and the well-being of the population. Special attention is paid to the specific characteristics of the development of Georgia’s tourism sector, as well as to the new challenges and opportunities arising under the conditions of geoeconomic changes. The global crises that have developed in recent years have clearly demonstrated that the tourism sector is directly dependent on the stability of the international political and economic environment. For the sustainable development of the sector, it is essential to diversify markets, ensure security, and formulate a long-term economic strategy. The statistical data presented in
2026-10-19
∘ Shykhyly Kamran Shahin oglu ∘
IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ON DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS IN THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES OF AZERBAIJAN: ANALYSIS OF THE KARABAKH AND EASTERN ZANGAZUR ECONOMIC REGIONS
Annotation: The article examines the relationship between industrial development and demographic indicators (population, labor force, employment, individual entrepreneurship) in the liberated Karabakh and East Zangezur economic regions of Azerbaijan for 2020–2024 based on statistical-economic analysis and correlation analysis. Calculations based on official indicators of the State Statistics Committee and reports on industrial parks confirm the existence of a statistically very strong positive relationship between the growth of industrial production, enterprise and entrepreneurial activity and population settlement (in Karabakh r=0.9980). The results obtained create a scientific basis for planning the next stage of the "I State Program on the Great Return". Keywords: industrial development, demography, liberated territories, Karabakh and East Zangezur, industrial parks. INTRODUCTION The restoration and reintegration of Karabakh and East Zangezur, liberated from
2026-10-19
IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ON DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS IN THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES OF AZERBAIJAN: ANALYSIS OF THE KARABAKH AND EASTERN ZANGAZUR ECONOMIC REGIONS
Annotation: The article examines the relationship between industrial development and demographic indicators (population, labor force, employment, individual entrepreneurship) in the liberated Karabakh and East Zangezur economic regions of Azerbaijan for 2020–2024 based on statistical-economic analysis and correlation analysis. Calculations based on official indicators of the State Statistics Committee and reports on industrial parks confirm the existence of a statistically very strong positive relationship between the growth of industrial production, enterprise and entrepreneurial activity and population settlement (in Karabakh r=0.9980). The results obtained create a scientific basis for planning the next stage of the "I State Program on the Great Return". Keywords: industrial development, demography, liberated territories, Karabakh and East Zangezur, industrial parks. INTRODUCTION The restoration and reintegration of Karabakh and East Zangezur, liberated from
2026-10-19
∘ Eka Chokheli ∘ Davit Narmania ∘ Manana Kharkheli ∘ Nino Vardiashvili ∘ Mikheil Makasarashvili ∘ Mikheil Machitidze ∘ TEMUR TORDINAVA ∘
Energy Infrastructure Management: Current Conditions and Management Challenges in Georgian Cities
Summary In the context of sustainable urban development, the effective management of energy infrastructure is increasingly determined not only by the technical condition of infrastructure, but also by financial, human, institutional, and managerial capacities. This study aims to assess the current state of energy infrastructure and the principal management challenges in Georgian cities from the perspective of relevant stakeholders. The study is based on a survey of 105 respondents and covers the contexts of Tbilisi, Rustavi, Batumi, Poti, and Kutaisi, as well as assessments provided by respondents from other cities and regions of Georgia. The data were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistical methods, including frequency distributions, percentage analysis, ranking, and comparisons across stakeholder groups, while open-ended responses were examined through thematic content analysis. The findings indicate that 60.0% of respondents assess the current condition
2026-10-19
Energy Infrastructure Management: Current Conditions and Management Challenges in Georgian Cities
Summary In the context of sustainable urban development, the effective management of energy infrastructure is increasingly determined not only by the technical condition of infrastructure, but also by financial, human, institutional, and managerial capacities. This study aims to assess the current state of energy infrastructure and the principal management challenges in Georgian cities from the perspective of relevant stakeholders. The study is based on a survey of 105 respondents and covers the contexts of Tbilisi, Rustavi, Batumi, Poti, and Kutaisi, as well as assessments provided by respondents from other cities and regions of Georgia. The data were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistical methods, including frequency distributions, percentage analysis, ranking, and comparisons across stakeholder groups, while open-ended responses were examined through thematic content analysis. The findings indicate that 60.0% of respondents assess the current condition
2026-10-19
∘ BURHANZADEH Javanshir Atesh ∘
The role of foreign investment in Azerbaijan-Georgia economic relations: the Azerbaijani model of post-conflict recovery
Annotation: This article consists of two parts. The first part analyzes Azerbaijan-Georgia economic relations and examines the role of foreign investments in this context. The second part of the article is dedicated to the common problem faced by both countries affected by conflict. The Republic of Azerbaijan has liberated its territories from occupation and is currently engaged in large-scale restoration and reconstruction work in Karabakh and Eastern Zangezur. The Republic of Georgia also suffers from territorial occupation. Following the resolution of this occupation, the Georgian government can benefit from the "Azerbaijani model of post-conflict restoration." This is precisely what is discussed in the second part of the article. The article explores how these two processes complement each other. Keywords: Investment activity, Azerbaijan-Georgia economic relations, trade balance, post-conflict restoration, regional cooperation. Introduction The strategic partnership
2026-10-19
The role of foreign investment in Azerbaijan-Georgia economic relations: the Azerbaijani model of post-conflict recovery
Annotation: This article consists of two parts. The first part analyzes Azerbaijan-Georgia economic relations and examines the role of foreign investments in this context. The second part of the article is dedicated to the common problem faced by both countries affected by conflict. The Republic of Azerbaijan has liberated its territories from occupation and is currently engaged in large-scale restoration and reconstruction work in Karabakh and Eastern Zangezur. The Republic of Georgia also suffers from territorial occupation. Following the resolution of this occupation, the Georgian government can benefit from the "Azerbaijani model of post-conflict restoration." This is precisely what is discussed in the second part of the article. The article explores how these two processes complement each other. Keywords: Investment activity, Azerbaijan-Georgia economic relations, trade balance, post-conflict restoration, regional cooperation. Introduction The strategic partnership
2026-10-19
∘ Tamar Dolidze ∘
The Historical Development of the World Trade Organization and Its Role in the Global Economy
Summary The World Trade Organization was founded in 1947 and during its 79 years of existence has failed to create an international trade policy that would be based on the principle of objectivity and fairness. The member countries of the World Trade Organization are based on a strictly differentiated principle and traditionally highly developed countries with strong economies are mainly the creators of world trade policy. In reality, the World Trade Organization is not a democratic institution. The World Trade Organization requires its member states to pay membership fees to the organization. Highly developed countries conduct realpolitik tailored to the principle of protecting their own benefits to the maximum extent possible, as a result of which the gap between highly developed and extremely underdeveloped countries is becoming wider and wider. In reality, the vital goals for which the World Trade Organization was created are not being achieved. Ultraliberal trade
2026-10-19
The Historical Development of the World Trade Organization and Its Role in the Global Economy
Summary The World Trade Organization was founded in 1947 and during its 79 years of existence has failed to create an international trade policy that would be based on the principle of objectivity and fairness. The member countries of the World Trade Organization are based on a strictly differentiated principle and traditionally highly developed countries with strong economies are mainly the creators of world trade policy. In reality, the World Trade Organization is not a democratic institution. The World Trade Organization requires its member states to pay membership fees to the organization. Highly developed countries conduct realpolitik tailored to the principle of protecting their own benefits to the maximum extent possible, as a result of which the gap between highly developed and extremely underdeveloped countries is becoming wider and wider. In reality, the vital goals for which the World Trade Organization was created are not being achieved. Ultraliberal trade
2026-10-19
∘ Natia Kakhniashvili ∘ Khatuna Barbakadze ∘ Nato Kakashvili ∘ Maia Tetruashvili ∘
The Impact of the Iran Conflict on Global Economic Stability and Financial Markets
Summary This study examines the economic implications of the Iran conflict for global economic stability and financial markets, with particular attention to energy prices, inflation, financial-market volatility, international trade, investment flows, and economic growth. The study considers the conflict as a multidimensional geopolitical shock that affects the global economy through interconnected energy, financial, trade, and supply-chain channels. Particular attention is paid to Irans strategic position in global energy markets and the importance of the Strait of Hormuz for international oil and liquefied natural gas transportation. The analysis shows that the most immediate economic effects of the conflict include higher energy prices, increased inflationary pressures, greater financial-market uncertainty, higher transportation and logistics costs, and disruptions to international trade. The conflict may also generate longer-term structural effects, including changes in
2026-10-19
The Impact of the Iran Conflict on Global Economic Stability and Financial Markets
Summary This study examines the economic implications of the Iran conflict for global economic stability and financial markets, with particular attention to energy prices, inflation, financial-market volatility, international trade, investment flows, and economic growth. The study considers the conflict as a multidimensional geopolitical shock that affects the global economy through interconnected energy, financial, trade, and supply-chain channels. Particular attention is paid to Irans strategic position in global energy markets and the importance of the Strait of Hormuz for international oil and liquefied natural gas transportation. The analysis shows that the most immediate economic effects of the conflict include higher energy prices, increased inflationary pressures, greater financial-market uncertainty, higher transportation and logistics costs, and disruptions to international trade. The conflict may also generate longer-term structural effects, including changes in
2026-10-19
∘ Gvantsa Eristavi ∘
Demographic Policy of Georgia: Current State, Challenges, and Prospects
Summary Georgias demographic development has been characterized by significant structural changes over the past decades, including declining fertility, an increasing natural decrease in population, population ageing, and substantial fluctuations in international migration. These processes have important implications for the countrys socio-economic development, labor market, human capital, and the sustainability of social protection systems. The aim of this study is to assess the current state of Georgias demographic policy, identify major demographic trends and challenges, and determine prospects for the further development of demographic policy. The study is based on an analysis of official data and research produced by the National Statistics Office of Georgia (Geostat), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Descriptive,
2026-10-19
Demographic Policy of Georgia: Current State, Challenges, and Prospects
Summary Georgias demographic development has been characterized by significant structural changes over the past decades, including declining fertility, an increasing natural decrease in population, population ageing, and substantial fluctuations in international migration. These processes have important implications for the countrys socio-economic development, labor market, human capital, and the sustainability of social protection systems. The aim of this study is to assess the current state of Georgias demographic policy, identify major demographic trends and challenges, and determine prospects for the further development of demographic policy. The study is based on an analysis of official data and research produced by the National Statistics Office of Georgia (Geostat), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Descriptive,
2026-10-19
∘ Lela Menabdishvili ∘
Work and motherhood
Summary The presented work discusses the results of a sociological study, which was fully prepared and conducted by the author. The work discusses one of the important issues of modern life - the balance of work and motherhood. Different opinions are widespread in scientific literature and society: some believe that the massive employment of women has contributed to the decrease in the birth rate, while others believe that this opinion is erroneous. Making a decision about having a child is a complex process that includes many social, economic, political and individual factors. Our study showed that most of the respondent mothers have one (42%) or two (48%) children. For respondent mothers, the optimal number of children in a family is 2.9 children, and ideally they would have exactly the same number of children. However, as the data shows, it is not an ideal situation for them, because, firstly, the average number of children in the families of the mothers surveyed at the time
2026-10-19
Work and motherhood
Summary The presented work discusses the results of a sociological study, which was fully prepared and conducted by the author. The work discusses one of the important issues of modern life - the balance of work and motherhood. Different opinions are widespread in scientific literature and society: some believe that the massive employment of women has contributed to the decrease in the birth rate, while others believe that this opinion is erroneous. Making a decision about having a child is a complex process that includes many social, economic, political and individual factors. Our study showed that most of the respondent mothers have one (42%) or two (48%) children. For respondent mothers, the optimal number of children in a family is 2.9 children, and ideally they would have exactly the same number of children. However, as the data shows, it is not an ideal situation for them, because, firstly, the average number of children in the families of the mothers surveyed at the time
2026-10-19
∘ Nana Menabdishvili ∘
Peculiarities of population growth in Georgia
Summary The new 21st century in Georgia began with severe demographic problems. Over the past 25 years, there have been two waves of natural decline in the country, and the second wave continues to this day. However, in recent years, the country's population has increased. Simultaneous population growth and natural decline show that the growth is mechanical, that is, from the side of immigrants. The paper presents and analyzes demographic variables based on statistical data: population size, natural increase, and migration balance. It is shown that in two years - 2024-2025, the total natural decline in Georgia amounted to 10,940 people. And the number of immigrants entering the country during these two years amounted to 267,312. Which undoubtedly confirms the mechanical growth of the population. The paper focuses on the severe demographic situation in the regions. It is shown that the population of the regions is decreasing from year to year. This is due to both internal and
2026-10-19
Peculiarities of population growth in Georgia
Summary The new 21st century in Georgia began with severe demographic problems. Over the past 25 years, there have been two waves of natural decline in the country, and the second wave continues to this day. However, in recent years, the country's population has increased. Simultaneous population growth and natural decline show that the growth is mechanical, that is, from the side of immigrants. The paper presents and analyzes demographic variables based on statistical data: population size, natural increase, and migration balance. It is shown that in two years - 2024-2025, the total natural decline in Georgia amounted to 10,940 people. And the number of immigrants entering the country during these two years amounted to 267,312. Which undoubtedly confirms the mechanical growth of the population. The paper focuses on the severe demographic situation in the regions. It is shown that the population of the regions is decreasing from year to year. This is due to both internal and
2026-10-19
∘ Mariam Okruashvili ∘ Giorgi Mikeladze ∘ Ana Varamashvili ∘
Methodological Framework of the Integrated Statistical Survey on Child Development and Material Deprivation (ISSCDD)[1]
Summary The production of reliable, internationally comparable statistical information on childrens well-being has become an increasingly important prerequisite for evidence-based policymaking. In response to this need, Georgia is planning to implement the Integrated Statistical Survey on Child Development and Material Deprivation (ISSCDD) in 2027. The survey aims to establish a comprehensive statistical system capable of measuring multiple dimensions of child well-being, including early childhood development, parenting practices, educational participation, parental involvement, functional difficulties related to anxiety and depression, material deprivation, and childrens dependence on digital technologies and video/computer games. The study presented in this paper provides the methodological foundation for the implementation of this nationally representative statistical survey. The methodological framework has been developed in accordance with internationally recognized
2026-10-19
Methodological Framework of the Integrated Statistical Survey on Child Development and Material Deprivation (ISSCDD)[1]
Summary The production of reliable, internationally comparable statistical information on childrens well-being has become an increasingly important prerequisite for evidence-based policymaking. In response to this need, Georgia is planning to implement the Integrated Statistical Survey on Child Development and Material Deprivation (ISSCDD) in 2027. The survey aims to establish a comprehensive statistical system capable of measuring multiple dimensions of child well-being, including early childhood development, parenting practices, educational participation, parental involvement, functional difficulties related to anxiety and depression, material deprivation, and childrens dependence on digital technologies and video/computer games. The study presented in this paper provides the methodological foundation for the implementation of this nationally representative statistical survey. The methodological framework has been developed in accordance with internationally recognized
2026-10-19
∘ DAVID CHELIDZE ∘
Results of the 2024 Population Census of Georgia: Existing Problems and Some Directions for Overcoming Them
Summary In parallel with the comparison of methodological approaches used in determining the population size in the 2024 Census of Georgia and in the annual publications of the National Statistics Service, the first part of the paper searches, systematizes and discusses data on the number of persons belonging to the population category of Georgia, including citizens of Georgia and the titular nation-ethnic Georgians of the country, according to the results of the 1989 All-Union Census and the general censuses conducted after the restoration of the country's independence: 2002; 2014 and 2024. In parallel with the above, the paper analyzes; statistical data on the natural increase in the country's population (the difference between live births and deaths); annual migration balance (the difference between immigrants entering the country and emigrants leaving the country during the calendar year). The systematization and analysis of the mortality and birth rates, which determine
2026-10-19
Results of the 2024 Population Census of Georgia: Existing Problems and Some Directions for Overcoming Them
Summary In parallel with the comparison of methodological approaches used in determining the population size in the 2024 Census of Georgia and in the annual publications of the National Statistics Service, the first part of the paper searches, systematizes and discusses data on the number of persons belonging to the population category of Georgia, including citizens of Georgia and the titular nation-ethnic Georgians of the country, according to the results of the 1989 All-Union Census and the general censuses conducted after the restoration of the country's independence: 2002; 2014 and 2024. In parallel with the above, the paper analyzes; statistical data on the natural increase in the country's population (the difference between live births and deaths); annual migration balance (the difference between immigrants entering the country and emigrants leaving the country during the calendar year). The systematization and analysis of the mortality and birth rates, which determine
2026-10-19